WordNet

hand over one and receive another, approximately equivalent; "exchange prisoners"; "exchange employees between branches of the company"
chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries); "he earns his living from the interchange of currency" (同)interchange
the act of changing one thing for another thing; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"; "there was an interchange of prisoners" (同)interchange
(chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop; "black lost the exchange"
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens"
a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members
the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange"
give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year" (同)change, interchange
of or relating to Ionia or its inhabitants or its language
of or pertaining to the Ionic order of classical Greek architecture
containing or involving or occurring in the form of ions; "ionic charge"; "ionic crystals"; "ionic hydrogen"
a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons
changed for (replaced by) something different

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『取り替える』;(…と)…‘を'取り替える《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …‘を'『取り交わす』;(人と)…‘を'取り交わす《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (化幣が)両替される / 〈U〉〈C〉(物の物との)『取り替え』《+『of』+『名』+『for』+『名』》;(相手と物を)『交換すること』《+『of』+『名』(複数)+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉交換物,取り替え品 / 〈C〉取引所;(電話の)交換局 / 〈U〉両替;為替(かわせ),為替相場 / 〈C〉=employment exchange
イオニアの;イオニア人の / (建築物が)イオニア式の(女性的で優雅;柱頭の渦巻形がその特徴)
イオンの;イオンを含む
イオン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/13 16:09:27」(JST)

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Ion exchanger

Ion exchange resin beads

Ion exchange column, used for protein purification

Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. In most cases the term is used to denote the processes of purification, separation, and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-containing solutions with solid polymeric or mineralic 'ion exchangers'.

Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be more efficiently performed in mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins, or passing the treated solution through several different ion exchange materials.

Ion exchangers can be unselective or have binding preferences for certain ions or classes of ions, depending on their chemical structure. This can be dependent on the size of the ions, their charge, or their structure. Typical examples of ions that can bind to ion exchangers are:

H⁺ (proton) and OH⁻ (hydroxide)
Single-charged monatomic ions like Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻
Double-charged monatomic ions like Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺
Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO₄²⁻ and PO₄³⁻
Organic bases, usually molecules containing the amine functional group -NR₂H⁺
Organic acids, often molecules containing -COO⁻ (carboxylic acid) functional groups
Biomolecules that can be ionized: amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc.

Along with absorption and adsorption, ion exchange is a form of sorption.

Ion exchange is a reversible process and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded with desirable ions by washing with an excess of these ions.

Applications

Ion exchange is widely used in the food & beverage, hydrometallurgical, metals finishing, chemical & petrochemical, pharmaceutical, sugar & sweeteners, ground & potable water, nuclear, softening & industrial water, semiconductor, power, and a host of other industries.

Most typical example of application is preparation of high purity water for power engineering, electronic and nuclear industries; i.e. polymeric or mineralic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used for water softening, water purification, water decontamination, etc.

Ion exchange is a method widely used in household (laundry detergents and water filters) to produce soft water. This is accomplished by exchanging calcium Ca²⁺ and magnesium Mg²⁺ cations against Na⁺ or H⁺ cations (see water softening). Another application for ion exchange in domestic water treatment is the removal of nitrate and natural organic matter.

Industrial and analytical ion exchange chromatography is another area to be mentioned. Ion exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used for chemical analysis and separation of ions. For example, in biochemistry it is widely used to separate charged molecules such as proteins. An important area of the application is extraction and purification of biologically produced substances such as proteins (amino acids) and DNA/RNA.

Ion-exchange processes are used to separate and purify metals, including separating uranium from plutonium and other actinides, including thorium, and lanthanum, neodymium, ytterbium, samarium, lutetium, from each other and the other lanthanides. There are two series of rare earth metals, the lanthanides and the actinides, both of whose families all have very similar chemical and physical properties. Using methods developed by Frank Spedding in the 1940s, ion-exchange used to be the only practical way to separate them in large quantities, until the advent of solvent extraction techniques that can be scaled up enormously.

A very important case is the PUREX process (plutonium-uranium extraction process), which is used to separate the plutonium and the uranium from the spent fuel products from a nuclear reactor, and to be able to dispose of the waste products. Then, the plutonium and uranium are available for making nuclear-energy materials, such as new reactor fuel and nuclear weapons.

The ion-exchange process is also used to separate other sets of very similar chemical elements, such as zirconium and hafnium, which is also very important for the nuclear industry. Zirconium is practically transparent to free neutrons, used in building reactors, but hafnium is a very strong absorber of neutrons, used in reactor control rods.

Ion exchangers are used in nuclear reprocessing and the treatment of radioactive waste.

Ion exchange resins in the form of thin membranes are used in chloralkali process, fuel cells and vanadium redox batteries. Ion exchange can also be used to remove hardness from water by exchanging calcium and magnesium ions for sodium ions in an ion exchange column.

Liquid (aqueous) phase ion exchange desalination has been demonstrated.^[1] In this technique anions and cations in salt water are exchanged for carbonate anions and calcium cations respectively using electrophoresis. Calcium and carbonate ions then react to form calcium carbonate, which then precipitates leaving behind fresh water. The desalination occurs at ambient temperature and pressure and requires no membranes or solid ion exchangers. Theoretical energy efficiency of this method is on par with electrodialysis and reverse osmosis.

Other applications

In soil science, cation exchange capacity is the ion exchange capacity of soil for positively charged ions. Soils can be considered as natural weak cation exchangers.
In pollution remediation and geotechnical engineering, ion exchange capacity determines the swelling capacity of swelling or Expansive clay such as Montmorillonite, which can be used to "capture" pollutants and charged ions.
In planar waveguide manufacturing, ion exchange is used to create the guiding layer of higher index of refraction.
Dealkalization, removal of alkali ions from a glass surface.
Chemically strengthened glass, produced by exchanging K⁺ for Na⁺ in soda glass surfaces using KNO₃ melts.

References

^ http://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/ITP/Shkolnikov%202012%20Desalination%20and%20hydrogen,%20chlorine,%20and%20sodium%20hydroxide%20production%20via%20electrophoretic%20ion%20exchange%20and%20precipitation.pdf

F. Helfferich, Ion Exchange, McGraw Hill, New York, 1962 (Bible of the subject).
Ion Exchangers (K. Dorfner, ed.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.
C. E. Harland, Ion exchange: Theory and Practice, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1994.
Ion exchange (D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky), M. Dekker, New York, 2000.
A. A. Zagorodni, Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.

External links

Illustrated and well defined chemistry lab practical on ion exchange from Dartmouth College
Some applets illustrating ion exchange processes
A simple explanation of deionization
Ion exchange, BioMineWiki

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal-Doped Zn 1-x Fe x O.

Abdel-Baset TA1, Fang YW2, Anis B3, Duan CG2, Abdel-Hafiez M4,5,6.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):115. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1332-x. Epub 2016 Feb 29.
The ability to produce high-quality single-phase diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) is the driving factor to study DMS for spintronics applications. Fe-doped ZnO was synthesized by using a low-temperature co-precipitation technique producing Zn 1-x Fe x O nanoparticles (x= 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.
PMID 26925863

Removal of textile dyes and metallic ions using polyelectrolytes and macroelectrolytes containing sulfonic acid groups.

Caldera Villalobos M1, Peláez Cid AA2, Herrera González AM3.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2016 Jul 15;177:65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 12.
This work reports the removal of textile dyes and metallic ions by means of adsorption and coagulation-flocculation using two polyelectrolytes and two macroelectrolytes containing sulfonic acid groups. The adsorption of textile dyes was studied in aqueous solutions containing cationic dyes and in wa
PMID 27082258

In situ redox speciation analysis of chromium in water by diffusive gradients in thin films using a DE81 anion exchange membrane.

Suárez CA1, de Simone TV1, Menegário AA2, Rolisola AM1, Luko KS1, Gastmans D1, da Conceição FT3, Kiang CH4.
Talanta.Talanta.2016 Jul 1;154:299-303. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.085. Epub 2016 Mar 26.
A method for the in situ redox speciation analysis of chromium in water by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique using a DE81 anion exchange membrane was successfully developed. For the selective uptake of Cr(VI), a DGT device containing an anion exchange membrane DE81 (cellulose ace
PMID 27154678

Japanese Journal

Fabrication of entangled single-wall carbon nanotube films as nanoporous junctions for ion concentration polarization

Kim Bumjoo,Heo Joonseong,Kwon Hyukjin,Kim Intae,An Taechang,Lim Geunbae
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(3), 035102, 2015-02-16
… Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is a distinctive electrochemical phenomenon that occurs near an ion-exchange membrane with an applied DC electric field, generating a significant concentration gradient in back and forth on the membrane. …
NAID 150000110259

褐炭利用による塩化鉄系エッチング廃液からの銅回収(<特集>褐炭利用-乾燥,改質,燃焼,ガス化等の最前線-)

森下佳代子
日本エネルギー学会誌 93(11), 1122-1128, 2014-11-20
… Ionic exchange of the proton of these functional oxygen groups is easily carried out with metal cations. … In this study, the trend of copper and etchant are described, and then copper recovery from waste ferric chloride solution using ion exchange ability of brown coal is introduced. …
NAID 110009892029

Relationship between Local Structure and Oxide Ionic Diffusion of Nd[2]NiO[4+δ] with K[2]NiF[4] Structure

INA Toshiaki,ORIKASA Yuki,MASESE Titus,NAKAO Takayuki,MINESHIGE Atsushi,AMEZAWA Koji,TANIDA Hajime,URUGA Tomoya,UCHIMOTO Yoshiharu
Electrochemistry 82(10), 875-879, 2014-10
… The relationship between the local structure and oxide ionic conduction of Nd[2]NiO[4+δ]possessing the K[2]NiF[4] structure was investigated. … The local structure related to oxide ionic conduction was determined by the Nd K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure. … The oxide ionic conductivity and surface exchange coefficient were estimated using electronic conductivity relaxation methods. …
NAID 120005496650