WordNet

of or relating to the integument (同)integumental
form a crust or form into a crust; "The bread crusted in the oven"
the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties (同)gall, impertinence, impudence, insolence, cheekiness, freshness
the outer layer of the Earth (同)Earth''s crust
a hard outer layer that covers something (同)incrustation, encrustation
a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves
the bag containing the gas in a balloon (同)gasbag
a flat (usually rectangular) container for a letter, thin package, etc.
any wrapper or covering
a natural covering (as by a fluid); "the spacecraft detected an envelope of gas around the comet"
the maximum operating capability of a system (especially an aircraft); "test pilots try to push the envelope"
put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface; "coat the cake with chocolate" (同)surface
cover or provide with a coat
growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal (同)pelage
an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors
form a coat over; "Dirt had coated her face" (同)cake
money that is invested with an expectation of profit (同)investment funds
the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank (同)investiture
outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism
the act of putting on robes or vestments
the commitment of something other than money (time, energy, or effort) to a project with the expectation of some worthwhile result; "this job calls for the investment of some hard thinking"; "he made an emotional investment in the work"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『パンの皮』,パイの皮;〈C〉堅くなった一切れのパン / 〈C〉〈U〉(物の)堅い表面;(動物の)甲殻(かく);地殻;堅くなった雪面 / 外皮におおわれる《+『over』》
『封筒』 / 包むもの
おおい,外被(integument)
『コート』,オーバー,外とう / (男子背広・婦人スーツの)『上着』;(婦人・子供の)長上着 / (動物の)毛,毛皮;(植物の)外被,皮 / 表面をおおうもの;(ペンキ・ニスなどの)塗り;(金属などの)めっき / 〈人〉‘に'上旦を旦せる / 〈ほこりなどが〉〈症など〉'を'『おおう』;(ペンキなどで)〈壁など〉'を'塗る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(…を…へ)投資すること,出資《+『of』+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…への)投下資本,投資金《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉投資の対象

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/12 20:54:02」(JST)

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The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.^[1] The system comprises the skin and its appendages^[2]^[3] (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.

The skin is the largest organ in the body. In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m² of surface area.^[4] It distinguishes, separates, and protects the organism from its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is called integumentary exchange.

The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of three major layers of tissue: the epidermis; dermis; and hypodermis. The epidermis forms the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.^[5] The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which is primarily made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers.^[6]

Epidermis

Epidermis and dermis of human skin

This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its main function is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium comprising four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans' cells. The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which produces keratin. Keratin is a fibrous protein that aids in protection. Keratin is also a waterproofing protein. Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily. The majority of the skin on the body is keratinized, meaning waterproofed. The only skin on the body that is non-keratinized is the lining of skin on the inside of the mouth. Non-keratinized cells allow water to "stay" atop the structure.

The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails. Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix; growth of nails is 1 mm per week on average. The lunula is the crescent-shape area at the base of the nail, this is a lighter color as it mixes with the matrix cells.

Dermis

The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. The dermis has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging.^[5] The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.

Hypodermis

The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. It is essentially composed of a type of cell specialised in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue .

Functions

The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body’s first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:

Protect the body’s internal living tissues and organs
Protect against invasion by infectious organisms
Protect the body from dehydration
Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature, maintain homeostasis
Help excrete waste materials through perspiration
Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold (see Somatosensory system)
Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin
Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light
Store water, fat, glucose, vitamin d
Maintenance of the body form
Formation of new cells from stratum germanium to repair minor injuries
Protect from UV rays.

Clinical significance

Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include:

Rash
Blister
Athlete's foot
Infection
Sunburn
Skin cancer
Albinism
Acne
Herpes
Herpes labialis, commonly called cold sores
Impetigo
Rubella
Cancer
Psoriasis
Rabies

References

^ "The Integumentary System". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ Integumentary System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Marieb, Elaine; Katja Hoehn (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 142.
^ Martini & olivia: "Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology" 8th Edition, pp.158, Pearson Education, 2009
^ ^a ^b The Ageing Skin - Structure of Skin
^ Pratt, Rebecca. "Integument". AnatomyOne. Amirsys, Inc. Retrieved 2012-09-28.

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Faniku C1, Wright CS, Martin PE.
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魚の体色とその変化：

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