WordNet

perceive by the sense of taste; "Can you taste the garlic?"
a kind of sensing; distinguishing substances by means of the taste buds; "a wine tasting" (同)tasting
delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values); "arrogance and lack of taste contributed to his rapid success"; "to ask at that particular time was the ultimate in bad taste" (同)appreciation, discernment, perceptiveness
the faculty of distinguishing sweet, sour, bitter, and salty properties in the mouth; "his cold deprived him of his sense of taste" (同)gustation, sense of taste, gustatory modality
a small amount eaten or drunk; "take a taste--youll like it" (同)mouthful
the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus; "the candy left him with a bad taste"; "the melon had a delicious taste" (同)taste_sensation, gustatory_sensation, taste perception, gustatory perception
a brief experience of something; "he got a taste of life on the wild side"; "she enjoyed her brief taste of independence"
have flavor; taste of something (同)savor, savour
distinguish flavors; "We tasted wines last night"
experience briefly; "The ex-slave tasted freedom shortly before she died"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality; "cooking was fine but it was the savoring that he enjoyed most" (同)savoring, savouring, relishing, degustation
a small amount (especially of food or wine)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『味覚』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『味』,風味《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(食物などの)一口,一なめ《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(…の)ちょっとした経験《+of+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『好み』,趣味《+in(for)+名》 / 〈U〉趣,品 / 〈U〉鑑賞力,審美眼,センス / …‘を'『味わう』,試食する,試飲する / …‘を'食べる,口にする / …‘の'『味の感ずる』 / …‘を'経験する / 『味がする』《taste+形〈補〉…の味がする》 / 〈人が〉味を感じる
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

UpToDate Contents

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1. 味覚および嗅覚障害の解剖学および病因 anatomy and etiology of taste and smell disorders
2. 味覚および嗅覚障害の評価および治療 evaluation and treatment of taste and smell disorders
3. 母斑性基底細胞癌症候群 nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
4. 進行した皮膚扁平上皮癌および基底細胞癌の全身療法 systemic treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas
5. 造血幹細胞移植後の支持療法 supportive care after hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

Label-free functional assays of chemical receptors using a bioengineered cell-based biosensor with localized extracellular acidification measurement.

Du L1, Zou L1, Zhao L2, Huang L3, Wang P1, Wu C4.Author information 1Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.2Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.3Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.4Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: freaglee@gmail.com.AbstractNew methods for functional assays of chemical receptors are highly essential for the research of chemical signal transduction mechanisms and for the development of chemical biosensors. This study described a novel bioengineered cell-based biosensor for label-free functional assays of chemical receptors by localized extracellular acidification measurement with a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). A human taste receptor, hT2R4, and an olfactory receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), ODR-10, were selected as models of chemical receptors, which were expressed on the plasma membrane of human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. The specific ligand binding function of expressed chemical receptors was monitored by localized extracellular acidification measurement using LAPS chip with a movable focused laser illuminating on the desired single cell. The function of expressed olfactory receptors was further validated using MDL12330A, which can specifically inhibit the activity of adenylyl cyclase. The obtained results indicate that both of chemical receptors were successfully expressed in HEK-293 cells and can be functionally assayed by this bioengineered cell-based biosensor that shows dose-dependent responses to the target ligands of chemical receptors. This bioengineered cell-based biosensor exhibits the sensitivity of 1.0mV/s for hT2R4 assays, and 9.8mV/s for ODR-10 assays. The negative control cells without any chemical receptor expression show no response to all the chemical stimuli tested. All the results demonstrate this bioengineered cell-based biosensor can be used to detect the interactions between chemical receptors and their ligands. This provides a valuable and promising approach for label-free functional assays of chemical receptors as well as for the research of other GPCRs.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Apr 15;54:623-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.049. Epub 2013 Nov 23.
New methods for functional assays of chemical receptors are highly essential for the research of chemical signal transduction mechanisms and for the development of chemical biosensors. This study described a novel bioengineered cell-based biosensor for label-free functional assays of chemical recept
PMID 24333934

In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity assessment of 2-methylisoborneol, causal agent of earthy-musty taste and odor in water.

Burgos L1, Lehmann M1, de Andrade HH2, de Abreu BR1, de Souza AP1, Juliano VB3, Dihl RR4.Author information 1Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.2Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.3Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.4Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: rafael.rodrigues@ulbra.br.AbstractThe water eutrophication process by phosphorus and nitrogen allows cyanobacteria blooms which promote, among other effects, the generation and release of the metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in the environment. This substance has been shown to be recalcitrant to conventional water treatment, degrading water quality. Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects of 2-MIB in eukaryotic organisms, the present study assessed the genotoxicity of 2-MIB using the in vitro comet assay and cytokinesis block-micronucleus (CBMN-Cytome) assay on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and the in vivo Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The results showed that 2-MIB (125, 250 and 500µg/mL) was unable to induce gene and chromosome mutations or events associated with mitotic recombination in the SMART. Similarly, four different concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 and 60µg/mL) of 2-MIB did not induce increments in frequencies of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmatic bridges in the CBMN-Cytome assay. In the comet assay, the positive results were restricted to the highest dose, 60µg/mL of 2-MIB. The results obtained may help evaluate the genotoxic profile of extracellular algal products.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Feb;100:282-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.022. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
The water eutrophication process by phosphorus and nitrogen allows cyanobacteria blooms which promote, among other effects, the generation and release of the metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in the environment. This substance has been shown to be recalcitrant to conventional water treatment, de
PMID 24238741

Origin and Differential Selection of Allelic Variation at TAS2R16 Associated with Salicin Bitter Taste Sensitivity in Africa.

Campbell MC, Ranciaro A, Zinshteyn D, Rawlings-Goss R, Hirbo J, Thompson S, Woldemeskel D, Froment A, Rucker JB, Omar SA, Bodo JM, Nyambo T, Belay G, Drayna D, Breslin PA, Tishkoff SA.Author information Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania.AbstractBitter taste perception influences human nutrition and health, and the genetic variation underlying this trait may play a role in disease susceptibility. To better understand the genetic architecture and patterns of phenotypic variability of bitter taste perception, we sequenced a 996 bp region, encompassing the coding exon of TAS2R16, a bitter taste receptor gene, in 595 individuals from 74 African populations and in 94 non-Africans from 11 populations. We also performed genotype-phenotype association analyses of threshold levels of sensitivity to salicin, a bitter anti-inflammatory compound, in 296 individuals from Central and East Africa. In addition, we characterized TAS2R16 mutants in vitro to investigate the effects of polymorphic loci identified at this locus on receptor function. Here, we report striking signatures of positive selection, including significant Fay and Wu's H statistics predominantly in East Africa, indicating strong local adaptation and greater genetic structure among African populations than expected under neutrality. Furthermore, we observed a "star-like" phylogeny for haplotypes with the derived allele at polymorphic site 516 associated with increased bitter taste perception that is consistent with a model of selection for "high-sensitivity" variation. In contrast, haplotypes carrying the "low-sensitivity" ancestral allele at site 516 showed evidence of strong purifying selection. We also demonstrated, for the first time, the functional effect of nonsynonymous variation at site 516 on salicin phenotypic variance in vivo in diverse Africans and showed that most other nonsynonymous substitutions have weak or no effect on cell surface expression in vitro, suggesting that one main polymorphism at TAS2R16 influences salicin recognition. Additionally, we detected geographic differences in levels of bitter taste perception in Africa not previously reported and infer an East African origin for high salicin sensitivity in human populations.
Molecular biology and evolution.Mol Biol Evol.2014 Feb;31(2):288-302. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst211. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Bitter taste perception influences human nutrition and health, and the genetic variation underlying this trait may play a role in disease susceptibility. To better understand the genetic architecture and patterns of phenotypic variability of bitter taste perception, we sequenced a 996 bp region, enc
PMID 24177185