関: SELEX

WordNet

so as to pass a given point; "every hour a train goes past" (同)past
a gift that significantly increases the recipients wealth
act of making fuller or more meaningful or rewarding
of or involving exponents; "exponential growth"
a function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent (同)exponential_function
(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms (同)organic evolution, phylogeny, phylogenesis

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《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
《場時・位置》…『のそばに』,の近くに;…の手もとに / 《経路・通過》…を経由して,を通って,のそばを通って / 《期限・期間》…『までに』,『の間に』 / 《根拠・理由》…『によって』,に従って,に基づいて / …『を単位として』 / 《差・程度》…だけ / 《手段・方法》…『で』,『によって』,を使って / …が原因で,…の結果 / 《動作を受ける部分を示して》…を,のところを / 《受動態で動作の主体を表して》『…によって』 / …に関しては,については / …に誓って,の名において,にかけて / …ずつ,ごとに,の順番に / 《寸法・乗除》…で;…を / …に対して,のために / 《訪問場所》…に / 『そばに』,近くに / そばを通って / わきへ,取りのけて / 《時の経過》過ぎて
〈U〉豊かにすること;質を向上させること / 〈U〉裕福,豊富;質の向上 / 〈C〉豊かにするもの;装飾
(数学で)指数の
〈U〉(徐々の)『発展』,進展,展開 / 〈U〉(生物の)『進化』;進化論 / 〈C〉(ダンス・体操などの)旋回[動作]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/21 00:07:28」(JST)

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A general overview of in vitro selection protocol. NA stands for Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA, PNA) which start as a random pool, and are enriched through the selection process.

SELEX ("Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment"), also referred to as in vitro selection or in vitro evolution, is a combinatorial chemistry technique in molecular biology for producing oligonucleotides of either single-stranded DNA or RNA that specifically bind to a target ligand or ligands.^[1]^[2]^[3] Although SELEX has emerged as the most commonly used name for the procedure, some researchers have referred to it as SAAB (selected and amplified binding site) and CASTing (Cyclic amplification and selection of targets)^[4]^[5]

The process begins with the synthesis of a very large oligonucleotide library consisting of randomly generated sequences of fixed length flanked by constant 5' and 3' ends that serve as primers. For a randomly generated region of length up>.(Four nucleotides (A,T,C,G), with n possibilities). The sequences in the library are exposed to the target ligand - which may be a protein or a small organic compound - and those that do not bind the target are removed, usually by affinity chromatography. The bound sequences are eluted and amplified by PCR to prepare for subsequent rounds of selection in which the stringency of the elution conditions is increased to identify the tightest-binding sequences. An advancement on the original method allows an RNA library to omit the constant primer regions, which can be difficult to remove after the selection process because they stabilize secondary structures that are unstable when formed by the random region alone.^[6]

The technique has been used to evolve aptamers of extremely high binding affinity to a variety of target ligands, including small molecules such as ATP^[7] and adenosine^[8]^[9] and proteins such as prions^[10] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).^[11] Clinical uses of the technique are suggested by aptamers that bind tumor markers^[12] and a VEGF-binding aptamer trade-named Macugen has been approved by the FDA for treatment of macular degeneration.^[11]^[13]

One caution advanced in relation to the method emphasizes that selection for extremely high, sub-nanomolar binding affinities may not in fact improve specificity for the target molecule.^[14] Off-target binding to related molecules could have significant clinical effects.

References

^ Oliphant AR, Brandl CJ & Struhl K (1989). Defining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins by selecting binding sites from random-sequence oligonucleotides: analysis of yeast GCN4 proteins. Mol. Cell Biol.. 9:2944-2949.
^ Tuerk C & Gold L (1990). Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science. 249:505–510.
^ Ellington AD & Szostak JW (1990). In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature. 346:818-822.
^ Blackwell TK & Weintraub H (1990) Differences and similarities in DNA-binding preferences of MyoD and E2A protein complexes revealed by binding site selection. Science 250:1104-1110
^ Wright WE, Binder M & Funk W (1991) Cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing) for the myogenic consensus site. Mol. Cell Biol. 11:4104-4110.
^ Jarosch F, Buchner K, Klussmann S. (2006). In vitro selection using a dual RNA library that allows primerless selection. Nucleic Acids Res 34(12):e86.
^ Dieckmann T, Suzuki E, Nakamura GK, Feigon J. (1996). Solution structure of an ATP-binding RNA aptamer reveals a novel fold. RNA 2(7):628-40.
^ Huizenga DE, Szostak JW. (1995). A DNA aptamer that binds adenosine and ATP. Biochemistry 34(2):656-65.
^ Burke DH, Gold L. (1997). RNA aptamers to the adenosine moiety of S-adenosyl methionine: structural inferences from variations on a theme and the reproducibility of SELEX. Nucleic Acids Res 25(10):2020-4.
^ Mercey R, Lantier I, Maurel MC, Grosclaude J, Lantier F, Marc D. (2006). Fast, reversible interaction of prion protein with RNA aptamers containing specific sequence patterns. Arch Virol 151(11):2197-214.
^ ^a ^b Ulrich H, Trujillo CA, Nery AA, Alves JM, Majumder P, Resende RR, Martins AH. (2006). DNA and RNA aptamers: from tools for basic research towards therapeutic applications. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 9(8):619-32.
^ Ferreira CS, Matthews CS, Missailidis S. (2006) and GFP related fluorophores http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6042/642. DNA aptamers that bind to MUC1 tumour marker: design and characterization of MUC1-binding single-stranded DNA aptamers. Tumour Biol 27(6):289-301.
^ Vavvas D, D'Amico DJ. (2006). Pegaptanib (Macugen): treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration and current role in clinical practice. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 19(3):353-60.
^ Carothers JM, Oestreich SC, Szostak JW. (2006). Aptamers selected for higher-affinity binding are not more specific for the target ligand. J Am Chem Soc 128(24):7929-37.

External links

Aptamer Base

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