WordNet

develop into a distinctive entity; "our plans began to take shape" (同)take form, take shape, spring
assume a form or shape; "the water formed little beads"
the visual appearance of something or someone; "the delicate cast of his features" (同)shape, cast
a mold for setting concrete; "they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation"
a particular mode in which something is manifested; "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility"
a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them" (同)shape, pattern
(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups; "a new strain of microorganisms" (同)variant, strain, var.
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached" (同)word form, signifier, descriptor
a printed document with spaces in which to write; "he filled out his tax form"
an ability to perform well; "he was at the top of his form"; "the team was off form last night"
an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"
to compose or represent:"This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction" (同)constitute, make
create (as an entity); "social groups form everywhere"; "They formed a company" (同)organize, organise
of the margin of a leaf shape; not broken up into teeth
the act of smoothing; "he gave his hair a quick smooth"
free from obstructions; "smooth the way towards peace negotiations" (同)smooth out
make smooth or smoother, as if by rubbing; "smooth the surface of the wood" (同)smoothen
having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities; "smooth skin"; "a smooth tabletop"; "smooth fabric"; "a smooth road"; "water as smooth as a mirror"
lacking obstructions or difficulties; "the bills path through the legislature was smooth and orderly"
of motion that runs or flows or proceeds without jolts or turbulence; "a smooth ride"
made smooth by ironing (同)smoothened
having or given a form or shape

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉(色・材質に対して)『形』,形状,姿 / 〈C〉『人体』,体つき / 〈C〉〈U〉『外観』,格好,人影 / 〈C〉〈U〉(ものの現れる)『形態』,形式 / 〈C〉(生物などの)『種類』,品種 / 〈U〉(芸術作品の)表現形式 / 〈U〉(特にスポーツで)(競技者の)フォーム / 〈U〉(心身の)調子,元気 / 〈C〉(印刷された)書き込み用紙,ひな形 / 〈U〉《話》(ある集団などの)やり方,仕方,方式 / 〈C〉〈U〉しきたり,伝統的な儀式 / 〈C〉(英国の学校・米国のある学校で)学年,学級 / 〈U〉〈C〉(意味に対する)形態,形;語形 / 〈C〉(通例寄りかかりのない)長い木のいす / 〈素材〉‘に'形を与える,(…に)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (素材から)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『out of』+『名』》 / …‘を'組織する,構成する / 〈考えなど〉‘を'まとめる,思い付く;〈計画など〉‘を'立てる / 〈習慣など〉‘を'身に付ける;〈交際など〉‘を'結ぶ / 〈文章など〉‘を'組み立てる;〈複数形など〉‘を'作る / (ある順序に)配列する,整列させる / 〈物が〉形を成す / 生じる,現れる / (…に)なる《+『into』+『名』》
(表面が)『滑らかな』,すべすべした;『平らな』平坦(へいたん)な / (動きが)円滑な,揺れのない / (物事が)すらすら運ぶ,順調な,平隠な / (味など)滑らかな;(練り粉など)つぶつぶ(むら)のない / 愛想のよい,取り入るような / …‘を'『滑らかにする』,平らにする,〈髪など〉‘を'なでつける《+『out(down)』+『名,』+『名』+『out(down)』》 / 〈物事〉‘を'容易にする,円滑にする《+『away(out)』+『名,』+『away(out)』》 / 〈人・気持ちなど〉‘を'静める,和らげる《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》 / 滑らか(平ら)になる;隠やかになる《+『down』》 / =smoothly
《時間・距離》『…の間』 / 《利益・貢献》『…のために』 / 《適応・用途》『…向きの(に);』…用の(に);…のための(に) / 《目的・意向》『…のために,』に / 《敬意・記念》『…のために;』…を記念して / 《獲得・追求》『…を得るために』,を求めて / 《行く先・方向》『…あてに;』…[方面]行きの,に向けて / 《交換・報償など》『…に対して』;…と引き換えに;…のお返しに / 《原因・理由》『…のために』,なので / 《代理・代表》『…の代わりに;』…を代表して / 《形容詞の後に用いて》『…にとって,』には / 《比較級の後に用いて》『…の結果として,』…のために / 《対比》『…としては,』のわりには / 《関連》『…について,』の点では / 《資格・属性》『…として』 / 《賛成・支持》…『に賛成して』,を支持して / 《傾向・好み》…『に対する』,には / 《模倣》《おもに米》《英文》…の名を取って(after) / 《割合》…に対して / 《『for』+『名』〈人〉+『to』 doの形で,〈人〉が不定詞to doの意味上の主語を表して》…が(…することは,…するために) / […というのは]…だから

UpToDate Contents

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1. 外陰部病変：形態に基づく鑑別診断 vulvar lesions differential diagnosis based on morphology
2. 自己免疫性肝炎の血清学的マーカー serologic markers of autoimmune hepatitis
3. アテローム性動脈硬化症の病因 pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
4. 筋骨格損傷部の副子固定 splinting of musculoskeletal injuries
5. 血管内皮機能および血栓溶解療法の基本的メカニズム vascular endothelial function and fundamental mechanisms of fibrinolysis thrombolysis

English Journal

Regulation of migratory activity of human keratinocytes by topography of multiscale collagen-containing nanofibrous matrices.

Fu X1, Xu M2, Liu J3, Qi Y3, Li S3, Wang H4.Author information 1Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA; The National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; The School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.2Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.3Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.4Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA. Electronic address: Hongjun.Wang@stevens.edu.AbstractNanofibrous matrices hold great promise in skin wound repair partially due to their capability of recapturing the essential attributes of native extracellular matrix (ECM). With regard to limited studies on the effect of nanofibrous matrices on keratinocytes, the present study was aimed to understand how the topographical feature of nanofibrous matrices regulates keratinocyte motility by culturing keratinocytes on polycaprolactone (PCL)/collagen nanofibrous matrices (rough surface with fiber diameters of 331 ± 112 nm) or the matrices coated with a thin layer of collagen gel to form a secondary ultrafine fibrous network (smooth surface with ultrafine fiber diameters of 55 ± 26 nm). It was found that the PCL/collagen nanofibrous matrices alone did not stimulate cell migration, while collagen gel coating could significantly increase cell motility. Further studies demonstrated that the ultrafine fibrous network of collagen gel coating significantly activated integrin β1, Rac1 and Cdc42, facilitated the deposition of laminin-332 (formerly called laminin-5), and promoted the expression of active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (i.e., MMP-2 and 9). Neutralization of integrin β1 activity abrogated the gel coating-induced keratinocyte migration. These findings provide important evidence on the role of topographical features of nanofibrous matrices in regulating the phenotypic alteration of keratinocytes and suggest the possible utility of collagen-containing nanofibrous matrices for skin regeneration especially in re-epithelialization.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Feb;35(5):1496-506. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.013. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Nanofibrous matrices hold great promise in skin wound repair partially due to their capability of recapturing the essential attributes of native extracellular matrix (ECM). With regard to limited studies on the effect of nanofibrous matrices on keratinocytes, the present study was aimed to understan
PMID 24268197

Solution blowing of chitosan/PVA hydrogel nanofiber mats.

Liu R, Xu X, Zhuang X, Cheng B.Author information College of Textile, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.AbstractBoth nanofiber mats and hydrogel have their own advantages in wound healing. In this study, a novel hydrogel nanofiber mats were fabricated via solution blowing of chitosan and PVA solution, with various content of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as cross-linker. SEM observation showed that the fibers were several hundred nanometers in diameter with smooth surface and distributed randomly forming three-dimensional mats. The structure of the chitosan/PVA nanofibers was examined by FTIR and XPS, and the results showed that the cross-linking reaction occurred between EGDE and the hydroxyl groups. The mats could quickly hydrate in an aqueous environment to form hydrogel. Their value of equilibrate water absorption varied from 680 to 459% various content of EGDE. The nanofiber mats showed good bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. The chitosan/PVA hydrogel nanofiber mats showed the combination advantages of nanofibrous mats and hydrogel dressing, and were suggested as potential application in wound healing.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Jan 30;101:1116-21. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.056. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Both nanofiber mats and hydrogel have their own advantages in wound healing. In this study, a novel hydrogel nanofiber mats were fabricated via solution blowing of chitosan and PVA solution, with various content of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as cross-linker. SEM observation showed that
PMID 24299882

Type I Collagen Accelerates the Spreading of Lens Epithelial Cells through the Expression and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases.

Shimada A, Miyata Y, Kosano H.Author information Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Teikyo University , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo , Japan.AbstractAbstract Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in posterior capsule opacification (PCO), but the mechanisms that promote MMP expression are yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated whether type I collagen, which is only detected in aged or cataractous lens capsules, affects the expression and activation of MMPs in primary-cultured chicken lens epithelial cells (LECs). Materials and methods: Chicken LECs were isolated from chicken embryos and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) on type I collagen-coated dishes. The activity of secreted MMPs was examined using gelatin zymography, and cell spreading was determined as the average area of randomly distributed cells. For some experiments, LECs were cultured in the presence of the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, GM6001. LECs cultured on uncoated dishes were used as controls. To examine the involvement of MMP in cell migration, a wound-healing assay was performed in the presence of the MMP inhibitor. Results: Chicken LECs constitutively express the pro-form of MMP-2. When LECs were cultured on type I collagen-coated dishes, they expressed the active form of MMP-2 and the pro-form of MMP-9. This expression and activation by type I collagen was also observed in the human LEC line SRA-01/04, but not the human Müller glial cell line, MIO-M1. Type I collagen enhanced cell spreading, which was suppressed by the MMP inhibitor. Type I collagen also accelerated α-smooth muscle actin expression. In addition, LEC migration was inhibited by the MMP inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner in the wound-healing assay. Conclusion: Type I collagen promotes the expression and activation of MMPs in a LEC-specific manner. These results suggest that type I collagen may play a role in PCO development.
Current eye research.Curr Eye Res.2014 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in posterior capsule opacification (PCO), but the mechanisms that promote MMP expression are yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated whether type I collagen, which is only detected in aged or cataractous lens capsules, affe
PMID 24400880

Japanese Journal

BESO 法による形態創生　―三次元モデルと輪郭形状の研究―

前川昌隆
法政大学大学院紀要　デザイン工学研究科編 (3), 2014-03-31
… The BESO method that is a technique for obtaining the idea to the evolution of the living thing, produces a reasonable form with erasing an unnecessary element of the structure, and the addition of a necessary element an external condition. … It was improved to adjust to 3D-model and to obtain a smooth contour shape in this study. …
NAID 120005423288

放射騒音低減を目的としたシェル構造のノンパラメトリック形状最適化

下出健介,下田昌利
日本機械学会論文集 80(810), DSM0035-DSM0035, 2014
… This paper describes a parameter-free free-form optimization method for reducing the radiated noise from vibrating shell structures in an open space. …
NAID 130003399120

ザリガニ局所回路とその抑制経路

長山俊樹
比較生理生化学 31(1), 3-12, 2014
ザリガニ腹部最終神経節は尾扇肢感覚情報処理・運動出力制御の中枢であり，上行性・局在性スパイキング及びノンスパイキング介在ニューロンからなる局所回路が形成されている。この回路の抑制経路を電気生理学的・薬理学的・免疫組織化学的手法を用い明らかにした。前運動性要素のノンスパイキング介在ニューロンにはPL，ALという２グループが存在し，PLニューロンの抑制性伝達物質はGABA，ALニューロンはグルタミン酸 …
NAID 130003394321