WordNet

a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods" (同)geological period
(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
the end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility"
the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop" (同)point, full_stop, stop, full point
street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
happening or recurring at regular intervals; "the periodic appearance of the seventeen-year locust" (同)periodical
recurring or reappearing from time to time; "periodic feelings of anxiety" (同)occasional
a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions

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(あることが続く)『期間』 / (歴史的な)『時代』 / (試合の)『一区切り』,ピリオド / 授業時間,時限: / (循環して起こる現象などの)周期 / (回転運動などの)周期 / 紀(地質時代の区分の一つ;era(代)の下,epoch(世)の上) / 《おもに米》『ピリオド』,終止符(《英》full stop;Mr.,U.S.など略語の符号(.)も含む) / 《複数形で》《文》掉尾(とうび)文(多くの節から成り,論理的に緊密な構成をもっている文) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ある時代[特有]の,時代物の / (文の終わりに感嘆詞的に)以上,終わり・月経（期間）
酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
定期的な,周期的な / ときぎき起こる: / 掉尾(とうび)的の:
(化学実験の)試薬

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/18 14:37:54」(JST)

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Periodic acid

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and neutral mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and neutral mucins in tissues. The reaction of periodic acid oxidizes the vicinal diols in these sugars, usually breaking up the bond between two adjacent carbons not involved in the glycosidic linkage or ring closure in the ring of the monosaccharide units that are parts of the long polysaccharides, and creating a pair of aldehydes at the two free tips of each broken monosaccharide ring. The oxidation condition has to be sufficiently regulated so as to not oxidize the aldehydes further. These aldehydes then react with the Schiff reagent to give a purple-magenta color. A suitable basic stain is often used as a counterstain.

Uses

Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma histopatholgy, PAS stain.

Esophageal candidiasis, PAS stain.

PAS staining is mainly used for staining structures containing a high proportion of carbohydrate macromolecules (glycogen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans), typically found in e.g. connective tissues, mucus, the glycocalyx, and basal laminae.

PAS staining can be used to assist in the diagnosis of several medical conditions:

Glycogen storage disease (versus other storage disorders);
Adenocarcinomas, which often secrete neutral mucins;
Paget disease of the breast;^[1]
Alveolar soft part sarcoma;^[2]
staining macrophages in Whipple's disease;^[3]
It can be used to diagnose α1-antitrypsin deficiency if periportal liver hepatocytes stain positive;
aggregates of PAS positive lymphocytes are present in epidermis in Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, called Pautrier microabscesses;
erythroleukemia, a leukemia of immature red blood cells. These cells stain a bright fuchsia.;^[4]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis;
Fungal infection, the cell walls of fungi stain magenta. This only works on living fungi; in contrast, Grocott's methenamine silver stain(GMS) will stain both living and dead fungal organisms.
It is used to identify glycogen in lung biopsy specimens of infants with pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG)

Presence of glycogen can be confirmed on a section of tissue by using diastase to digest the glycogen from a section, then comparing a diastase digested PAS section with a normal PAS section. The diastase negative slide will show a magenta staining where glycogen is present within a section of tissue. The slide that has been treated with diastase will lack any positive PAS staining in those locations on the slide

PAS staining is also used for staining cellulose. One example would be looking for implanted medical devices composed of nonoxidized cellulose.

If the PAS stain will be performed on tissue, the recommended fixative is 10% neutral-buffered formalin or Bouin solution. For blood smears, the recommended fixative is methanol. Glutaraldehyde is not recommended because free aldehyde groups may be available to react with the Schiff reagent, which may result in false positive staining.^[5]

References

^ Thomas J. Lawton (27 April 2009). Breast. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-521-88159-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=z17R70VGhnsC&pg=PA55. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ (Ladanyi et al 2002
^ C. Hauser (29 August 2005). Mayo Clinic Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review. CRC Press. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-0-203-50274-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=nStxzRQlNaAC&pg=PA108. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ http://www.answers.com/topic/leukemia-stains-1
^ Carson, Freida L.; Hladik, Christa (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-89189-581-7.

External links

PAS Reaction

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English Journal

Organogenesis of mild ocular coloboma in FLS mice: Failure of basement membrane disintegration at optic fissure margins.

Tsuji N, Kita K, Ozaki K, Narama I, Matsuura T.SourceDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Fatty Liver Shionogi (FLS) mice have been shown to develop a hereditary disorder characterized by localized retinochoroidal defects of the ventral fundus very similar to human typical ocular coloboma without microphthalmia. The objective of this study was to determine when and how the failure of the
PMID 22182670

Candida invasion and influences in smoking patients with multiple oral leucoplakias--a retrospective study.

Chiu CT, Li CF, Li JR, Wang J, Chuang CY, Chiang WF, Huang SC, Chang SW.SourceDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Memorial Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Mycoses.Mycoses.2011 Sep;54(5):e377-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01927.x. Epub 2010 Jun 29.
Treating patients with multiple oral leucoplakias (MOLs) who smoke is more difficult and complicated than treating those with single oral leucoplakia (SOL). Removing the aetiological factors causing MOL can effectively prevent its recurrence. The aim was to study the infection by and influences of C
PMID 20609085

Japanese Journal

Long Term Pulmonary Toxicity of Indium Arsenide and Indium Phosphide Instilled Intratracheally in Hamsters

YAMAZAKI Koji,TANAKA Akiyo,HIRATA Miyuki,OMURA Minoru,MAKITA Yuji,INOUE Naohide,SUGIO Kenji,SUGIMACHI Keizo
Journal of occupational health 42(4), 169-178, 2000-07
… The localized lesions gradually transformed to proteinosislike lesions with periodic acid Schiff reagent positive exudation after 16 wk. …
NAID 110003723099

Seeing through the Stratum Corneum

MARKS Ronald
Keio journal of medicine 49(2), 80-83, 2000-06-01
… Staining with periodic acid Schiff reagent makes it possible to see ringworm fungi, pityriasis versicolor, candida species, or erythrasma micro-organisms. …
NAID 10012783657