WordNet

opposite in nature or effect or relation to another quantity ; "a term is in inverse proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other decreases (or increases)"
something inverted in sequence or character or effect; "when the direct approach failed he tried the inverse" (同)opposite
reversed (turned backward) in order or nature or effect (同)reverse
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

(順序・位置・方向などが)逆の,反対の / (…の)逆,反対[のもの]《+『of』+『名』》 / 逆数
反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/29 00:04:31」(JST)

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The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the agonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex. Though muscle tension is increasing during the contraction, alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord supplying the muscle are inhibited. However, antagonistic muscles are activated.

Function

The Golgi tendon reflex operates as a protective feedback mechanism to control the tension of an active muscle by causing relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage.^[1] First, as a load is placed on the muscle, the afferent neuron from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system. Second, the motor neuron from the spinal cord is inhibited via an IPSP and muscle relaxes.

Contrast to stretch reflex

The stretch reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction. In contrast, the tendon reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn. Although the tendon reflex is less sensitive than the stretch reflex, it can override the stretch reflex when tension is great, making you drop a very heavy weight, for example. Like the stretch reflex, the tendon reflex is ipsilateral. The sensory receptors for this reflex are called tendon Golgi receptors, which lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle. In contrast to muscle spindles, which are sensitive to changes in muscle length, tendon organs detect and respond to changes in muscle tension that are caused by muscular contraction, but not passive stretch.

Steps

A Golgi tendon reflex operates as follows:

As the tension applied to a tendon increases, the Golgi tendon organ (sensor) is stimulated (depolarized to threshold)
Nerve impulses (action potentials) arise and propagate along the 1b sensory neuron into the spinal cord
Within the spinal cord (integrating center), the 1b sensory neuron synapses with and activates (via glutamate) an inhibitory interneuron that synapses with the alpha (α) motor neuron
The inhibitory interneuron releases the neurotransmitter glycine that inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the alpha (α) motor neuron
As a consequence fewer nerve impulses are generated in the alpha (α) motor neuron
The muscle relaxes and excess tension is relieved

Pathology

The clasp-knife response is a stretch reflex with a rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint. However, it is actually thought to be caused by the tendon reflex of the antagonistic muscle of that joint, which gets extended.^[2] It is one of the characteristic responses of an upper motor neuron lesion.

References

^ Tortora, Gerard (2011). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. ISBN 9780470646083.
^ musom.marshall.edu - SPINAL REFLEXES

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English Journal

Modeling and identification of a realistic spiking neural network and musculoskeletal model of the human arm, and an application to the stretch reflex.

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Japanese Journal

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF TENDON RECEPTORS IN THE FROG

伊藤文雄
The Japanese Journal of Physiology 18(5), 576-589, 1968
… It was suggested that these functional properties of the tendon receptors may be resemble to those of the leaf-like muscle receptors, and that the activities may be attributed to an inverse myotatic reflex by which excessive stresses to the muscle are eliminated. …
NAID 130003476168