| Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens |
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Lower leg of a 12 month infant with Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
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| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
medical genetics |
| ICD-10 |
Q80.3 |
| OMIM |
146800 |
| MeSH |
D053560 |
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is a type of familial, autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a rare skin disorder.[1]:491 It is also known as bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Siemens or ichthyosis exfoliativa. It is a genetic disorder with no known cure which is estimated to affect about 1 in 500,000 people.[2]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Symptoms
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Genetics
- 5 Treatments
- 6 See also
- 7 References
History
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (IBS) was first described by the German dermatologist Hermann Werner Siemens in 1937 from his study of an affected family. [3]
In 1994 the gene causing IBS was discovered and it was also proved in the same year that ichthyosis exfoliativa is the same disease as IBS. [4]
Symptoms
IBS has symptoms very similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) but is generally milder than EHK. IBS affects only the upper layers of the epidermis whilst EHK affects the suprabasal layer which is deeper in the skin.[5]
At birth the baby's skin has a red appearance like a sun burn (erythema). Blistering is usually present at birth and may be extensive or localized depending on the severity of the disease.[4]
Over the first few weeks the redness disappears and is replaced by dry, flaking skin on the arms, legs and around the belly button.[6] Other areas of skin appear normal. The skin is fragile and is prone to blistering (caused by mild trauma or sweating).[6] After a few months hyperkeratosis develops with a dark grey or brown, ridged appearance on the ankles, knees and elbows.[4] Palms and soles are generally unaffected.[5] A slightly unpleasant, sweet odour may be present.[2]
A distinctive characteristic of IBS which is not present in other forms of ichthyosis is called the "Mauserung phenomenon" (Mauserung is German for "moulting" and was first described by H.W.Siemens). These are small patches of bare, apparently normal skin in the middle of areas of hyperkeratosis.[5][7]
As the sufferer ages the flaking and blistering should improve. The hyperkeratosis may grow more severe but more localized and is generally only present on flexural folds of the major joints.[4]
Diagnosis
Mild forms of IBS should be diagnosable from appearance and patient history alone. Severe cases of IBS are hard to distinguish from mild EHK.
A skin biopsy shows a characteristic damaged layer in the upper spinous level of the skin. Again it may be difficult to distinguish from EHK.
The gene causing IBS is known and so a definite diagnosis can be given by genetic testing. [4]
Genetics
IBS is an autosomal dominant genetic condition caused by a mutation in the gene for keratin 2e on chromosome 12.[4][8][9][10]:563 This means an affected person has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to their child. Around half of cases of IBS, however, have no parent with the condition and have the genetic fault due to a spontaneous mutation. [11]
Treatments
There is no cure for IBS but in the future gene therapy may offer a cure.
Treatments for IBS generally attempt to improve the appearance of the skin and the comfort of the sufferer. This is done by exfoliating and increasing the moisture of the skin. Common treatments include:
- Emollients: moisturisers, petroleum jelly or other emolients are used, often several times a day, to increase the moisture of the skin.
- Baths: long baths (possibly including salt) several times a week are used to soften the skin and allow exfoliation.
- Exfoliating creams: creams containing keratolytics such as urea, salicylic acid and lactic acid may be useful.
- Antiseptic washes: antiseptics may be used to kill bacteria in the skin and prevent odour.
- Retenoids: very severe cases may use oral retinoids to control symptoms but these have many serious side effects including, in the case of IBS, increased blistering.[12]
See also
- List of cutaneous conditions
- List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins
References
- ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ^ a b Caputo, Ruggero and Tadini, Gianluca: Atlas of Genodermatoses, Page 19, Published by Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 1-84184-251-6
- ^ Siemens, H.W.: "Dichtung und Wahrheit ueber die Ichthyosis bullosa, mit Bemerkungen zur Systematik der Epidermolysen." Arch. Derm. Syph. 175: 590-608, 1937
- ^ a b c d e f OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), Johns Hopkins University, Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens
- ^ a b c Harper, John; Oranje, Arnold P. and Prose, Neil S.: Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, Page 1110, Published by Blackwell Science, 2000, ISBN 0-86542-939-1
- ^ a b Barnhill, Raymond L. and Crowson, A. Neil: Textbook of Dermatopathology, Page 349, Published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004, ISBN 0-07-139660-8
- ^ Kirkham, Nigel and Lemoine, Nicholas R.: Progress in Pathology, Page 107, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 1-84110-050-1
- ^ Rothnagel JA, Traupe H, Wojcik S, Huber M, Hohl D, Pittelkow MR, Saeki H, Ishibashi Y, Roop DR (August 1994). "Mutations in the rod domain of keratin 2e in patients with ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens". Nat. Genet. 7 (4): 485–90. doi:10.1038/ng0894-485. PMID 7524919.
- ^ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Keratin 2 -600194
- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Elias, Peter M and Feingold, Kenneth R. Skin Barrier, Page 490, Published by CRC Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8247-5815-3
- ^ Vahlquist, Anders and Duvic, Madeleine: Retinoids and Carotenoids in Dermatology, Page 160, Published by CRC Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8493-3992-8
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Cytoskeletal defects
|
|
| Microfilaments |
| Myofilament |
| Actin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11
- Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA
- DFNA20
- Nemaline myopathy 3
|
|
| Myosin |
- Elejalde syndrome
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 8, 10
- Usher syndrome 1B
- Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
- DFN A3, 4, 11, 17, 22; B2, 30, 37, 48
- May-Hegglin anomaly
|
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| Troponin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7, 2
- Nemaline myopathy 4, 5
|
|
| Tropomyosin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3
- Nemaline myopathy 1
|
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| Titin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9
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|
|
| Other |
- Fibrillin
- Marfan syndrome
- Weill-Marchesani syndrome
- Filamin
- FG syndrome 2
- Boomerang dysplasia
- Larsen syndrome
- Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects
|
|
|
| IF |
| 1/2 |
- Keratinopathy (keratosis, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis): KRT1
- Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 3
- Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
- IHCM
- KRT2E (Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens)
- KRT3 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
- KRT4 (White sponge nevus)
- KRT5 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
- KRT8 (Familial cirrhosis)
- KRT10 (Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis)
- KRT12 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
- KRT13 (White sponge nevus)
- KRT14 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
- KRT17 (Steatocystoma multiplex)
- KRT18 (Familial cirrhosis)
- KRT81/KRT83/KRT86 (Monilethrix)
- Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
- Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
|
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| 3 |
- Desmin: Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy 1I
- Peripherin: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
| 4 |
- Neurofilament: Parkinson's disease
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F, 2E
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
| 5 |
- Laminopathy: LMNA
- Mandibuloacral dysplasia
- Dunnigan Familial partial lipodystrophy
- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1
- LMNB
- Barraquer–Simons syndrome
- LEMD3
- Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
- Osteopoikilosis
- LBR
- Pelger-Huet anomaly
- Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
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|
|
| Microtubules |
| Kinesin |
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A
- Hereditary spastic paraplegia 10
|
|
| Dynein |
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3
- Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3
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|
| Other |
- Tauopathy
- Cavernous venous malformation
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|
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| Membrane |
- Spectrin: Spinocerebellar ataxia 5
- Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3
- Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3
Ankyrin: Long QT syndrome 4
- Hereditary spherocytosis 1
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|
| Catenin |
- APC
- Gardner's syndrome
- Familial adenomatous polyposis
- plakoglobin (Naxos syndrome)
- GAN (Giant axonal neuropathy)
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|
| Other |
- desmoplakin: Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 2
- Carvajal syndrome
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8
- plectin: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy
- Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna
- plakophilin: Skin fragility syndrome
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9
- centrosome: PCNT (Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II)
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See also: cytoskeletal proteins
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Index of cells
|
|
| Description |
- Structure
- Organelles
- peroxisome
- cytoskeleton
- centrosome
- epithelia
- cilia
- mitochondria
- Membranes
- Membrane transport
- ion channels
- vesicular transport
- solute carrier
- ABC transporters
- ATPase
- oxidoreduction-driven
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| Disease |
- Structural
- peroxisome
- cytoskeleton
- cilia
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- scleroprotein
- Membrane
- channelopathy
- solute carrier
- ATPase
- ABC transporters
- other
- extracellular ligands
- cell surface receptors
- intracellular signalling
- Vesicular transport
- Pore-forming toxins
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