cognitive disorder

認知障害

関

agnosia、cognition disorder、cognitive deficit、cognitive disturbance、cognitive dysfunction、cognitive impairment

WordNet

1. inability to recognize objects by use of the senses
2. bring disorder to (同)disarray
3. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
4. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
5. of or being or relating to or involving cognition; "cognitive psychology"; "cognitive style"
6. not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
2. 認識の(に関する,を要する)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/11 00:07:11」(JST)

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Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect learning, memory, perception, and problem solving, and include amnesia, dementia, and delirium. While anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and psychotic disorders can also have an effect on cognitive and memory functions, the DSM-IV-TR does not consider these cognitive disorders, because loss of cognitive function is not the primary (causal) symptom. Causes vary between the different types of disorders but most include damage to the memory portions of the brain. Treatments depend on how the disorder is caused. Medication and therapies are the most common treatments; however, for some types of disorders such as certain types of amnesia, treatments can suppress the symptoms but there is currently no cure.

Cognitive mental disorder perspective

In abnormal psychology, cognitive disorders are mental disorders that develop on the basis of cognitive mental disorder perspective. The cognitive mental disorder perspective is the theory that psychological disorders originate from an interruption, whether short or long, in our basic cognitive functions, i.e. memory processing, perception, problem solving and language. This perspective takes opposition to the psychodynamic mental disorder perspective, behavioral mental disorder perspective, sociocultural mental disorder perspective, interpersonal mental disorder perspective and neurological/biological mental disorder perspective. One pioneer of cognitive disorder perspective is Albert Ellis. In 1962, Ellis proposed that humans develop irrational beliefs/goals about the world; and therefore, create disorders in cognitive abilities. Another pioneer of the cognitive disorder perspective is Aaron Beck. In 1967, Beck designed what is known as the "cognitive model" for emotional disorders, mainly depression. His model showed that a blending of negative cognitive functions about the self, the world, and possible selves lead to cognitive mental disorders. the disease was first found in south africa by marvin dube living in clermony

Classifications

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), which describes 250 disorders and their symptoms, cognitive disorders are classified under a psychological disorder in axis I. It is described as disorders with “a significant impairment of cognition or memory that represents a marked deterioration from a previous level of function”. The three main areas outlined by the DSM-IV-TR of cognitive disorders are delirium, dementia, and amnesia. There are many sub categories in each of these areas as well.

Delirium

Delirium is a disorder that makes situational awareness and processing new information very difficult for those diagnosed. It usually has a high rate of onset ranging from minutes to hours and sometimes days, but it does not last for very long, only a few hours to weeks. Delirium can also be accompanied by a shift in attention, mood swings, violent or unordinary behaviors, and hallucinations. It can be caused by a preexisting medical condition. Delirium during a hospital stay can result in a longer stay and more risk of complications and long terms stays.

Dementia

Dementia is known as a genetic or trauma induced disorder that erases part or all of the patient’s memory. It is usually associated with but not restricted to the elderly. It is also usually accompanied by another cognitive dysfunction. For non-reversible causes of dementia such as age, the slow decline of memory and cognition is lifelong. It can be diagnosed by screening tests such as the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).

Amnesia

Amnesia patients have trouble retaining long term memories. Difficulty creating recent term loss of memories is called anterograde amnesia and is caused by damage to the hippocampus part of the brain which is a major part of the memory process. Retrograde amnesia is also caused by damage to the hippocampus but the memories that were encoded or in the process of being encoded in long term memory are erased

Causes

Delirium

Delirium can be caused by the worsening of previous medical conditions, abuse of medications or drugs, alcohol or drug withdrawals, mental illness, severe pain, immobilization, sleep deprivation and hypnosis.

Dementia

Dementia can have numerous causes: genetics, brain trauma, stroke, and heart issues. The main causes are diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease because they affect or deteriorate brain functions.

Amnesia

Amnesia can be caused by concussions, traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress, and alcoholism. Many problems are caused by damage to major memory encoding parts of the brain such as the hippocampus.

Treatment

Delirium

Before delirium treatment, the cause must be established. Medication such as antipsychotics or benzodiazepines can help reduce the symptoms for some cases. For alcohol or malnourished cases, vitamin B supplements are recommended and for extreme cases, life-support can be used.

Dementia

For dementia cases, studies suggest that diets with high Omega 3 content, low in saturated fats and sugars, along with regular exercise can increase the level of brain plasticity. Other studies have shown that mental exercise such a newly developed “computerized brain training programs” can also help build and maintain targeted specific areas of the brain. These studies have been very successful for those diagnosed with schizophrenia and can improve fluid intelligence, the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time encountered, and in young people, it can still be effective in later life.

Amnesia

Amnesia is very difficult to treat. If it is caused by an underlying cause such as Alzheimer's disease or infections, the cause may be treated but the amnesia may not be. If caused by dissociative or anxiety disorders, amnesia can be treated by psychotherapy, tranquilizers, and other medications.

See also

• List of cognitive disorders

Notes

References

Alloy, Lauren; John Riskind; Margaret Manos (October 2005). Abnormal Psychology. McGraw Hill. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-07-242298-X. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 認知障害および認知症の評価 evaluation of cognitive impairment and dementia
• 2. 軽度認知機能障害：疫学、病理学、および臨床的評価 mild cognitive impairment epidemiology pathology and clinical assessment
• 3. Overview of cancer survivorship in adolescent and young adults
• 4. 気晴らし食い症候群：認知行動療法（CBT） binge eating disorder cognitive behavioral therapy cbt
• 5. 成人における双極性障害：維持療法 bipolar disorder in adults maintenance treatment

English Journal

• No praise, please: Depressive symptoms, reactivity to positive social interaction, and fear of positive evaluation.

• Reichenberger J1, Wiggert N2, Agroskin D3, Wilhelm FH4, Blechert J2.
• Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2017 Mar;54:186-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 18.
• BACKGROUND: Depression is characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Resulting alterations in emotional reactivity have been explained by three different accounts: 'positive attenuation', 'negative potentiation', and 'emotion context insensitivity'. Despite the importance of d
• PMID 27575634

• Individuals with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies or undermined confidence rely more on external proxies to access their internal states.

• Zhang Z1, Wang M2, Miao X1, Li Y1, Hitchman G1, Yuan Z3.
• Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2017 Mar;54:263-269. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.09.003. Epub 2016 Sep 28.
• BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) hypothesis predicts that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a deficit in subjective convictions, which may lead to a reliance on external substitutes for the perceptions of an individual's internal states.
• PMID 27710870

• Do improved patient recall and the provision of memory support enhance treatment adherence?

• Dong L1, Lee JY1, Harvey AG2.
• Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2017 Mar;54:219-228. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.017. Epub 2016 Aug 31.
• BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient adherence to psychosocial treatment is an important but understudied topic. The aim of this study was to examine whether better patient recall of treatment contents and therapist use of memory support (MS) were associated with better treatment adherence.METHODS: Da
• PMID 27614662

Japanese Journal

• Pure psychiatric presentation of the Lewy body disease is depression: An analysis of 60 cases verified with myocardial meta-iodobenzylguanidine study

• Kobayashi Katsuji,Nakano Hiroyuki,Akiyama Noriko,Maeda Takashi,Yamamori Sanae
• International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30(6), 663-668, 2015-06-01
• … Pure psychiatric presentation (PPP) of the LBD may be the fourth subtype in which psychiatric symptoms without definite parkinsonism and cognitive disturbance lasted for many years. … Conclusions PPP featured major depressive disorder and can be preparative of incidental LBD and prodromal depression of PD. …
• NAID 120005617944

• 認知行動療法 (特集 高齢者の睡眠障害 : 健康睡眠を目指して) -- (高齢者睡眠障害の治療)

• 山寺 亘
• 日本臨床 73(6), 992-996, 2015-06
• NAID 40020485351

• 高齢者睡眠障害の予防と改善支援 (特集 高齢者の睡眠障害 : 健康睡眠を目指して)

• 田中 秀樹
• 日本臨床 73(6), 909-915, 2015-06
• NAID 40020485020

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「agnosia」「cognitive impairment」「cognitive deficit」「cognition disorder」「cognitive disturbance」
拡張検索	「HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder」
関連記事	「disorder」「cognitive」

「agnosia」

　　[★]

失認、認知障害、認知不能症

関

auditory agnosia、cognition disorder、cognitive deficit、cognitive disorder、cognitive disturbance、cognitive dysfunction、cognitive impairment、finger agnosia、visual agnosia

　

「cognitive impairment」

　　[★]

• 認知障害、認知機能障害、失認

関

agnosia、cognition disorder、cognitive deficit、cognitive disorder、cognitive disturbance、cognitive dysfunction

「cognitive deficit」

　　[★]

• 認知障害、失認

関

agnosia、cognition disorder、cognitive disorder、cognitive disturbance、cognitive dysfunction、cognitive impairment

「cognition disorder」

　　[★]

• 認知障害

関

agnosia、cognitive deficit、cognitive disorder、cognitive disturbance、cognitive dysfunction、cognitive impairment

「cognitive disturbance」

　　[★]

• 認知障害

関

agnosia、cognition disorder、cognitive deficit、cognitive disorder、cognitive dysfunction、cognitive impairment

「HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder」

　　[★] HIV関連神経認知障害

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.

　 　 　 　

「cognitive」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 認知の、認知性の、認識の

関

appreciate、appreciation、aware、awareness、cognition、envisage、perceive、perception、perceptive、realization、recognise、recognition、recognize