出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/05/25 23:34:09」(JST)
「W」のその他の用法については「W (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
Ww Ww
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ラテン文字 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Wは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の 23 番目の文字。小文字は w 。
字形(Vを二重化したもの)はUとともにVに由来する[1]。形の類似した文字にギリシャ文字のω(オメガ)があるが、全く異なる文字であり、Wは下が尖っているのに対してωは丸い。
英語名ダブリュー(英語: double U)は「二重のU」の意味だが、ロマンス系の言語などでは「二重のV」の名で呼んでいる(下記参照)。 その名のとおり、古英語で使われはじめた二重音字「vv」または「uu」[2]に由来する文字である。
Vを横に2つ連ねた形であり、大文字、小文字同形である。しばしば2つのVを重ねて(左のVの右斜線と右のVの左斜線を交差させて)書く。V同様、筆記体では下部を丸めて書き、右上で折り返す。フラクトゥールは。
国際音声記号としては、小文字 [w] は有声両唇軟口蓋接近音。
各言語においてこの文字が表す音価は、
古代ローマ人の時代のラテン語では、W の文字は存在せず、/w/ の音素は V の文字を使って表記していた。しかし、V の文字は/w/と同時に母音の/u/を表しており、さらに英語などのゲルマン語にはラテン語にない/v/の音素があったため、V は一文字で 3 音素を表すことになった。そこで、/w/の音素を表す場合は V を重ねてVVと表記する慣習が生まれ、やがて二つのVが繋がって一つの文字になり、Wとなった。 ドイツ語では /w/ の音素が消滅したため、Wの字は/v/の音素を示すようになった。
語頭に /w/ を含むゲルマン語の語彙がロマンス諸語に伝わると、werra→guerra のように /gw/ に変化した。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | U+0057 |
1-3-55 |
W W |
w | U+0077 |
1-3-87 |
w w |
|
W | U+FF37 |
1-3-55 |
W W |
w | U+FF57 |
1-3-87 |
w w |
全角 |
Ⓦ | U+24CC |
‐ |
Ⓦ Ⓦ |
ⓦ | U+24E6 |
1-12-55 |
ⓦ ⓦ |
丸囲み |
🄦 | U+1F126 |
‐ |
🄦 🄦 |
⒲ | U+24B2 |
‐ |
⒲ ⒲ |
括弧付き |
𝐖 | U+1D416 |
‐ |
𝐖 𝐖 |
𝐰 | U+1D430 |
‐ |
𝐰 𝐰 |
太字 |
フォネティックコード | モールス符号 |
Whiskey | ・-- |
信号旗 | 手旗信号 | 点字 |
[ヘルプ] |
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W (named double-u,[note 1] plural double-ues[1][2]) is the 23rd letter in the modern English and ISO basic Latin alphabets.
The sounds /w/ (spelled ⟨V⟩) and /b/ (spelled ⟨B⟩) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative /β/ between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, ⟨V⟩ no longer adequately represented the labial-velar approximant sound /w/ of Germanic phonology.
The Germanic /w/ phoneme was therefore written as ⟨VV⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ (⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the 7th or 8th century by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German.[3] Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound. The digraph ⟨VV⟩/⟨uu⟩ was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.
It is from this ⟨uu⟩ digraph that the modern name "double U" derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German, but only sporadically in Old English, where the /w/ sound was usually represented by the runic ⟨Ƿ⟩ wynn. In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, ⟨uu⟩ gained popularity and by 1300 it had taken Wynn's place in common use.
Scribal realization of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle. An obsolete, cursive form found in the nineteenth century in both English and German was in the form of an ⟨n⟩ whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive ⟨v⟩.[4][citation needed]
The shift from the digraph ⟨VV⟩ to the distinct ligature ⟨W⟩ is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that
Poor w is so infamous and unknown that many barely know either its name or its shape, not those who aspire to being Latinists, as they have no need of it, nor do the Germans, not even the schoolmasters, know what to do with it or how to call it; some call it we, [... others] call it uu, [...] the Swabians call it auwawau[5]
In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme /w/ became realized as [v]; this is why, today, the German ⟨w⟩ represents that sound. There is no phonological distinction between [w] and [v] in contemporary German.
English uses ⟨w⟩ to represent /w/. There are also a number of words beginning with a written ⟨w⟩ that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) ⟨r⟩, remaining from usage in Old English in which the ⟨w⟩ was pronounced: wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle, etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph.
In Europe, there are only a few languages that use ⟨w⟩ in native words and all are located in a central-western European zone between Cornwall and Poland. English, German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Walloon, Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Resian and Scandinavian dialects use ⟨w⟩ in native words. German, Polish and Kashubian use it for the voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (with Polish and related Kashubian using Ł for /w/), and Dutch uses it for /ʋ/. Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh and Cornish to represent the vowel /u/ as well as the related approximant consonant /w/.
Modern German dialects generally have only [v] or [ʋ] for West Germanic /w/, but [w] or [β̞] is still heard allophonically for ⟨w⟩, especially in the clusters ⟨schw⟩, ⟨zw⟩, and ⟨qu⟩. Some Bavarian dialects preserve a "light" initial [w], such as in wuoz (Standard German weiß [vaɪs] '[I] know'). The Classical Latin [β] is heard in the Southern German greeting Servus ('hello' or 'goodbye').
In Dutch, ⟨w⟩ became a labiodental approximant /ʋ/ (with the exception of words with -⟨eeuw⟩, which have /eːβ/, or other diphthongs containing -⟨uw⟩). In many Dutch speaking areas, such as Flanders and Suriname, the /β/ pronunciation is used at all times.
In Finnish, ⟨w⟩ is seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩ and not a separate letter. It is, however, recognised and maintained in the spelling of some old names, reflecting an earlier German spelling standard, and in some modern loan words. In all cases, it is pronounced /ʋ/.
In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, ⟨w⟩ is named double-v and not double-u. In these languages, the letter only exists in old names, loanwords and foreign words. (Foreign words are distinguished from loanwords by having a significantly lower level of integration in the language.) It is usually pronounced /v/, but in some words of English origin it may be pronounced /w/.[6][7] The letter was officially introduced in the Danish and Swedish alphabets as late as 1980 and 2006, respectively, despite having been in use for much longer. It had been recognized since the conception of modern Norwegian, with the earliest official orthography rules of 1907.[8] ⟨W⟩ was earlier seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩, and ⟨w⟩ as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by ⟨v⟩ in speech (e.g. WC being pronounced as VC, www as VVV, WHO as VHO, etc.) The two letters were sorted as equals before ⟨w⟩ was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden.[9] In modern slang, some native speakers may pronounce ⟨w⟩ more closely to the origin of the loanword than the official /v/ pronunciation.
Multiple dialects of Swedish and Danish use the sound however. In Denmark notably in Jutland, where the northern half use it extensively in traditional dialect, and multiple places in Sweden. It is used in southern Swedish, for example in Halland where the words "wesp" (wisp) and "wann" (water) are traditionally used.[10] In northern and western Sweden there is also dialects with /w/. Elfdalian is a good example, which is one of many dialects where the Old Norse difference between v (/w/) and f (/v/ or /f/) is preserved. Thus "warg" from Old Norse "vargr", but "åvå" from Old Norse "hafa".
In the alphabets of most modern Romance languages (excepting far northern French and Walloon), ⟨w⟩ is used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed (le week-end, il watt, el kiwi). The digraph ⟨ou⟩ is used for /w/ in native French words; ⟨oi⟩ is /wa/ or /wɑ/. In Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, [w] is a non-syllabic variant of /u/, spelled ⟨u⟩.
The Japanese language uses "W", pronounced /daburu/, as an ideogram meaning "double".[11]
In Italian, while the letter ⟨w⟩ is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet, the character is often used in place of Viva (hooray for...), while the same symbol written upside down indicates abbasso (down with...).
In Vietnamese, ⟨w⟩ is called vê đúp, from the French double vé. It is not included in the standard Vietnamese alphabet, but it is often used as a substitute for qu- in literary dialect and very informal writing.[12][13]
"W" is the 24th letter in the Modern Filipino Alphabet and is pronounced as it is in English. However, in the old Filipino alphabet, Abakada, it was the 19th letter and was pronounced "wah"; there was an equivalent letter in the old Baybayin script of the Philippines.[14]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨w⟩ is used for the voiced labial-velar approximant.
W is the symbol for the chemical element tungsten, after its German (and alternative English) name, Wolfram.
"Double-u" is the only modern English letter name with more than one syllable. Sometimes considered part of the alphabet in the past were the ligature, œ (its name pronounced similar to ethel), and the formerly common in print &, ampersand. The archaic pronunciation of Z was also two syllables, izzard. With the arguable exception of the letter H, W is currently the only English letter whose name is not pronounced with any of the sounds that the letter typically makes.
Some speakers shorten the name "double u" into "dub-u" or just "dub"; for example, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, University of Wyoming, University of Waterloo, University of the Western Cape and University of Western Australia are all known colloquially as "U Dub", and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated "VW", is sometimes pronounced "V-Dub".[15] The fact that many website URLs require a "www." prefix has been influential in promoting these shortened pronunciations, as many speakers find the phrase "double-u double-u double-u" inconveniently long.
In other Germanic languages, including German, its name is similar to that of English V. In many languages, its name literally means "double v": Portuguese duplo vê,[note 2] Spanish doble ve (though it can be spelled uve doble),[16][note 3] French double vé, Icelandic tvöfalt vaff, Czech dvojité vé, Finnish kaksois-vee, etc.
Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname "Dubya" after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.
Character | W | w | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W | LATIN SMALL LETTER W | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 87 | U+0057 | 119 | U+0077 |
UTF-8 | 87 | 57 | 119 | 77 |
Numeric character reference | W | W | w | w |
EBCDIC family | 230 | E6 | 166 | A6 |
ASCII 1 | 87 | 57 | 119 | 77 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Whiskey | ·–– |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-2456 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to W. |
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
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リンク元 | 「アミノ酸」「トリプトファン」「ワット」「タングステン」「tungsten」 |
拡張検索 | 「PDW」「Werlhof purpura」「Lowry-Wood syndrome」 |
分類 | 極性 | 電荷 | 名前 | 1 | 3 | 糖原性 | ケトン原性 | 必須アミノ酸 | 分枝アミノ酸 | pK1 α-COOH |
pK2 α-NH2 |
pKR 側鎖 |
側鎖 | |
疎水性アミノ酸 | 無 | 無 | グリシン | G | Gly | 2.35 | 9.78 | ―H | ||||||
無 | 無 | アラニン | A | Ala | 2.35 | 9.87 | ―CH3 | |||||||
無 | 無 | バリン | V | Val | ○ | ○ | 2.29 | 9.74 | ―CH(CH3)2 | |||||
無 | 無 | フェニルアラニン | F | Phe | ○ | ○ | ○3 | 2.2 | 9.31 | ―○C6H5 | ||||
無 | 無 | プロリン | P | Pro | 1.95 | 10.64 | αCとNH2の間に ―CH2CH2CH2- | |||||||
無 | 無 | メチオニン | M | Met | ○2 | 2.13 | 9.28 | ―CH2CH2-S-CH3 | ||||||
無 | 無 | イソロイシン | I | Ile | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.32 | 9.76 | ―CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | |||
無 | 無 | ロイシン | L | Leu | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.33 | 9.74 | ―CH2CH(CH3)2 | ||||
荷電アミノ酸 | 有 | 酸性 | アスパラギン酸 | D | Asp | 1.99 | 9.9 | 3.9 β-COOH |
―CH2COOH | |||||
有 | 酸性 | グルタミン酸 | E | Glu | 2.1 | 9.47 | 4.07 γ-COOH |
―CH2CH2COOH | ||||||
有 | 塩基性 | リシン | K | Lys | ○ | ○ | 2.16 | 9.06 | 10.54 ε-NH2 |
側鎖のCH2は4つ ―-CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | アルギニン | R | Arg | ○1 | 1.82 | 8.99 | 12.48 グアニジウム基 |
側鎖のCH2は3つ ―CH2CH2CH2-NH-C-(NH2)NH | |||||
極性アミノ酸 | 有 | 無 | セリン | S | Ser | 2.19 | 9.21 | ―CH2OH | ||||||
有 | 無 | スレオニン | T | Thr | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.09 | 9.1 | ―CH(CH3)OH | ||||
有 | 無 | チロシン | Y | Tyh | ○ | ○ | 2.2 | 9.21 | 10.46 フェノール |
―CH2-φ | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | ヒスチジン | H | His | ○ | 1.8 | 9.33 | 6.04 イミダゾール基 |
―CH2-C3H3N2 | |||||
有 | 無 | システイン | C | Cys | 1.92 | 10.7 | 8.37 -SH基 |
―CH2-SH | ||||||
有 | 無 | アスパラギン | N | Asn | 2.14 | 8.72 | ―CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
有 | 無 | グルタミン | Q | Gln | 2.17 | 9.13 | ―CH2-CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
無 | 無 | トリプトファン | W | Trp | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.46 | 9.41 | ―Indol ring | ||||
1 人体で合成できるが、不十分。 | ||||||||||||||
2 Cysが足らなければ、Metから合成することになる。 |
名称 | 基となるアミノ酸 | ||
修飾されたアミノ酸 | シスチン | システイン | システイン2分子が酸化されて生成する。 |
ヒドロキシプロリン | プロリン | ゼラチン、コラーゲンに含まれる。 | |
ヒドロキシリジン | リジン | ||
チロキシン | チロシン | 甲状腺タンパク質に含まれる。 | |
O-ホスホセリン | カゼインなど、多くのリンタンパク質に含まれる。 | ||
デスモシン | |||
蛋白質の構成要素ではない | オルニチン | アルギニン | ミトコンドリア中でカルバモイルリン酸と反応 |
シトルリン | オルニチン、カルバモイルリン酸 | ||
クレアチン | アルギニン、グリシン | ||
γアミノ酪酸 | アルギニン |
準必須 | ア | アルギニン |
必須 | メ | メチオニン |
フ | フェニルアラニン | |
リ | リジン | |
バ | valine | |
ス | スレオニン | |
ト | トリプトファン | |
ロ | ロイシン | |
イ | イソロイシン | |
準必須 | ヒ | ヒスチジン |
/\ -CH2-------| ○| || | | \ / \/ NH
[★] 血小板分布幅, platelet distribution width
.