関: Saguinus

WordNet

(Greek mythology) a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta; the subject of the drama `Oedipus Rex by Sophocles (同)King Oedipus, Oedipus Rex

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オイディプス(ギリシア神話で『Sphinx』のなぞを解き,テーベの王となった人;宿命によって知らずに父を殺し,母をそれし知らずに妻としたことを知りみずから目をつぶして諸国を流浪した)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/26 11:55:11」(JST)

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The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), also known as the Pinché tamarin^{[citation needed]}, is a small New World monkey weighing less than 1 lb (0.5 kg). It is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests where it is arboreal and diurnal.

Cotton-top tamarin eating a grasshopper

Common names

Saguinus oedipus goes by the common names "cotton-top tamarin" or "cotton-headed tamarin" in English. In Spanish, Saguinus oedipus is commonly called " bichichi", "tití pielroja", "tití blanco", "tití cabeza blanca", or "tití leoncito". In French it is called "tamarin á perruque", "tamarin d'oedipe", or "tamarin pinche".^[3] In German-speaking areas, the cottontop tamarin is commonly known as "Lisztaffe" (literally "Liszt monkey") most likely due to the resemblance of its hairstyle with that of Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt.^[4]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758.^[3]

Hershkovitz performed a taxonomic analysis of the species in 1977, classifying the Panamanian tamarin as a subspecies of Saguinus oedipus, which is strictly Colombian, based on fur coloration patterns, cranial and mandibular morphology, and the size of the ears.^[5]

Other analyses made by Hernandez-Camacho & Cooper (1976) and later Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho in 1981 ^[5] and finally Grooves (2001) ^[6] consider the oedipus and geoffroyi types to be distinct species.

Some researchers, such as Thorington (1976) ^[5] posit that S. oedipus is more closely related to the white-footed tamarin (S. leucopus) than to S. geoffroyi, a view supported by a multivariate analysis of dental morphology by Hanihara & Natori (1987) and by work done by Skinner in 1991, which found more similarity between S. oedipus and S. leucopus in 16 out of 17 morphological traits considered.^[5]

It has been proposed that this species of white-headed tamarin diverged from the other Amazonian forms like S. leucopus; the evidence for this is found in the transition of the juvenile to the adult, during which the patterns of fur coloration change significantly and are similar between the two species.^[7] Hershkovitz proposed that the separation of the two species happened in the Pleistocene at the height of the Atrato river where it intersected the Cauca-Magdalena, when the area was covered by a sea, which created a geographic barrier that led to the reproductive separation that caused the divergence of the species, which today are principally separated by the Atrata river.^[7]

Physical characteristics

This tamarin species has a long sagittal crest, white hairs from forehead to nape flowing over the shoulders ("Cottontop"). The skin of the face is black, with gray or white bands above the eyes that continue along the edge of the face down to the jaw.^[8] The back is brown, and the underparts, arms and legs are whitish-yellow. The rump and inner thighs and upper tail are reddish-orange.^[7] It is considered one of the bare-faced tamarins because of the lack of facial hair. Its lower canine teeth are longer than its incisors, so it seems as if it has small tusks. It is about the size of a squirrel.^[9] The males are only slightly larger than females. A medium cottontop tamarin weighs 432 g.^[7] Tamarins are among the smallest of the primates. Head/body length of this species is 17 cm.^[10] The tail is slightly longer than the body and is not prehensile.^[8] Forelimbs are shorter than the hind limbs. Like other members of the Callithrix family, It has claws on most of its fingers and toes. Only the big toe has the flat nails that most other primates have.

It has fur covering all external surfaces of the body except the palms of the hands and feet, the eyelids, the borders of the nostrils, the nipples, anus and penis. The fur is distributed with varying densities throughout the body: the genital region (scrotum and pubic zone), axilla, and the base of the tail have lower densities, while the foreword region is very high. It has supraorbital and mystacial whiskers. It can display stripes or whorls of fur of striking coloration in the gular region.^[7]

Communication

The cottontop tamarin vocalizes with birdlike whistles, soft chirping sounds, high-pitched trilling, and staccato calls. Researchers say its repertoire of 38 distinct sounds is unusually sophisticated, conforming to grammatical rules and able to express curiosity, fear, dismay, playfulness, warnings, joy, and calls to young.^[10] It has loud territorial songs as well as songs when it is excited. It moves its tongue across the lips. This may be a recognition signal, or could be used to communicate anger or curiosity. A "threat face" consists of lowering the forehead until it forms a bulge which almost covers the eyes; the lips are pushed forward and the head and neck crests are erected. This apparently is sufficient since no other body language is used.

Conservation status

Life span in captivity has been as high as 25 years whereas life span in the wild is about 13–16 years. The wild population is estimated at about 6000, with 2000 adults.^[3] This species is critically endangered, having lost more than three-quarters of its original habitat to deforestation.^[11] Clearing of forest habitat by humans is the main problem and populations have also been depleted by the pet trade and scientific research. They are now protected by international law; although they are numerous in captivity, they are still critically endangered in the wild. The species is considered to be one of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates."^[12]

The Proyecto Tití was started in 1985 to provide information to assist in conservation of the cottontop tamarin and their habitat. Proyecto Tití's programs combine field research, education and community programs. PT now has partner status with the Wildlife Conservation Network.^[13]

References

^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 135. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100251.
^ Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Savage, A. & Causado, J. (2008). "Saguinus oedipus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/19823. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^ German Wikipedia article
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Estrada, A (2006). New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation.
^ Defler, T (2003). José Vicente Rodríguez Mahecha. ed. Primates of Colombia (2nd ed.).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hershkovitz, P (1977). Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an introduction to Primates.
^ ^a ^b Eisenberg, John F; Redford, Kent H (1999). Mammals of the Neotropics: The central neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press.
^ "Animal Info - Endangered Animals". September 10, 2006. http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/saguoedi.htm. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Oakland zoo: Cotton Topped Tamarin". http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Cotton_Topped_Tamarin.php. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ Endangered Species Feature: Cotton-top Tamarin
^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds. (2009) (PDF). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA.: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf.
^ "Cotton-top Tamarin Conservation". Wildlife Conservation Network. http://wildlifeconservationnetwork.org/wildlife/cottontop2.html#conservationist.

Gallery

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cottontop tamarin

Cottontop Tamarin in the Tierpark Bad Pyrmont
Cottontop Tamarins grooming each other. Bronx Zoo, New York City.
A Cottontop Tamarin at the Salzburg Zoo.
Cottontop Tamarin in Perth Zoo
Cottontop Tamarin in Parco Le Cornelle, Valbrembo, Italy
Two Cottontop Tamarins feed at Ueno Zoo, in Japan. (video)

English Journal

Anatomic Study of The Collateral Branches of The Abdominal Aorta of Primate Species Saguinus niger.

Andrade LC1, Branco E, Lima AR.Author information 1Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research (LAMR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Presidente Tancredo Neves Av., nº 2501 - Montese, 66.077-530, Belem, Para, Brazil.AbstractSaguinus niger is a primate of the family Callitrichidae, with a geographical distribution limited to northern Brazil, Guyanas, Suriname and Venezuela, where it inhabits rainforests along the coast. Three adult females from the Paragominas Bauxite Mine - PA were used, donated to the Laboratory of Animal Morphology Research (LAMR) of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. These animals had died of natural causes. The arterial system was filled with latex, and the animals were fixed in 10% formalin. Afterwards, the abdominal aorta and its collateral branches were dissected. The arrangement of the abdominal aorta branches in this species showed a similar arrangement as domestic animals but differing in the formation of the coeliac trunk. The coeliac trunk originates from the abdominal aorta, and from this trunk, we found the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries, where the origin of these vessels was variable. These arteries originate from the coliac trunk or a common trunk originating from the coeliac trunk, a characteristic not described in other species. The other branches of the abdominal aorta from S. niger did not show great differences in origin when compared to other species.
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2014 Mar 5. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12105. [Epub ahead of print]
Saguinus niger is a primate of the family Callitrichidae, with a geographical distribution limited to northern Brazil, Guyanas, Suriname and Venezuela, where it inhabits rainforests along the coast. Three adult females from the Paragominas Bauxite Mine - PA were used, donated to the Laboratory of An
PMID 24597769

Biased Hand Use in Captive Emperor Tamarins (Saguinus imperator).

Olsen K, Sommer V.AbstractComparing forelimb use across primates can improve the understanding of the mechanisms and functions of brain asymmetry. We broadened the comparative framework by investigating hand use biases across spontaneous behaviors in 11 captive emperor tamarins of 2 family groups. We found a right preference across 58% of pooled unimanual bouts and 60% of all tasks. The maximum biases for a single task were 88% right-hand use and 78% left-hand use. On an individual basis, for most tasks, 6 tamarins preferred their right hand, 2 tamarins the left, and 2 animals were ambidextrous. Only a single tamarin did not switch between left and right hand bias according to task, but displayed a consistent right-hand bias. Our accompanying review of the 2 dozen previous callitrichid hand use studies confirms this picture. Across the board, these report hand preferences for single tasks. Task specialization is found in less than half of the studies, hand specialization in less than a third, whereas population level handedness is almost never reported. Importantly, right-hand use is preponderant, but very rarely consistent across tasks or subjects. This might be attributable to the fact that often-employed simple (food-reaching) tasks may not be coupled to a specialized hemisphere and therefore not constrain forelimb use. A better understanding of what causes directional forelimb use in callitrichids and other animals is currently hampered by a lack of standardized methods including measurement criteria, task difficulty, and social setting as well as a dearth of taxonomic diversity and field studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983).J Comp Psychol.2014 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Comparing forelimb use across primates can improve the understanding of the mechanisms and functions of brain asymmetry. We broadened the comparative framework by investigating hand use biases across spontaneous behaviors in 11 captive emperor tamarins of 2 family groups. We found a right preference
PMID 24491176

Gestalt Principle Use in College Students, Children With Autism, Toddlers (Homo sapiens), and Cotton Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

Neiworth JJ, Whillock KM, Kim SH, Greenberg JR, Jones KB, Patel AR, Steefel-Moore DL, Shaw AJ, Rupert DD, Gauer JL, Kudura AG.AbstractThe use of Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity, and closure to recognize objects by configural superiority was examined in college students, low- and high-functioning children with autism, toddlers, and adult cotton top tamarin monkeys. At issue was whether the monkeys showed differences from humans in perceptual processing and whether they showed any similarities with clinical or developmental groups. The method required a pointing response to discriminate an odd item in a 4-item visual display. All subjects were trained to a high accuracy to point to the odd item before being tested with graphic stimuli that differentiated feature changes based on configural superiority. The results were that college students and high-functioning children with autism responded faster and more accurately to trials in which the odd item was easily noticed by the use of Gestalt principles and configural superiority. Toddlers also responded more accurately to the Gestalt trials, but without being faster at making the response. Low-functioning children with autism and tamarins showed no advantage to Gestalt trials but exhibited different processing styles. The implications of these findings to track the evolution of human perception and to develop a primate model for the perceptual deficits of autism are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983).J Comp Psychol.2014 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]
The use of Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity, and closure to recognize objects by configural superiority was examined in college students, low- and high-functioning children with autism, toddlers, and adult cotton top tamarin monkeys. At issue was whether the monkeys showed differences fro
PMID 24491175

Japanese Journal

捕獲ワタボウシタマリン(Saguinus oedipas)に見られた膵臓とリンパ節転移を伴う腸腺癌(短報)(病理学)

Liu Chen-Hsuan,Chen Yu-Ting,Wang Pao-Jung [他],CHIN Shih-Chien
The journal of veterinary medical science 66(10), 1279-1282, s・viii, 2004-10-25
… 膵臓と局所リンパ節に転移を伴う腸線癌の1例が,間欠性の下痢を伴った9歳雌の捕獲ワタボウシタマリン(Saguinus oedipus)に見られた.剖検では,腫瘍塊が回盲部に存在し,周囲組織の肥厚と輪状狭窄を伴っていた.顕微鏡的に,原発巣と転移巣はヒトで見られるような典型的な粘液腺癌で,細胞内および細胞外粘液の産生と腫瘍細胞に特徴的な印鑑細胞像が認められた.診断は組織学的特徴に加え,免疫染色による …
NAID 110003886355

ジョフロワタマリンとクチヒゲタマリンの側頭筋に関する頭蓋形態の相違について

名取真人
霊長類研究 = Primate research 19(2), 165-170, 2003-09-30
… The Saguinus oedipus group often has the sagittal crest in cranium, whereas the Amazonian tamarins possess no crest. … oedipus group and Amazonian tamarins, respectively. …
NAID 10011679819

The production and perception of long calls by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) : Acoustic analysis and playback experiments

WEISS DJ
J Comp Psychol 115, 258-271, 2001
NAID 30013668633

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ワタボウシタマリン」
関連記事	「Saguinus」「Oedipus」

「ワタボウシタマリン」

Cotton-Top Tamarin
	At Singapore Zoo
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Family:	Callitrichidae
Genus:	Saguinus
Species:	S. oedipus
Binomial name
	Saguinus oedipus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Geographic range

　　[★]

ラ: Saguinus oedipus
関: タマリン属

「Saguinus」

　　[★]

タマリン属、サグイヌス属、Saguinus属

関: Saguinus oedipus

「Oedipus」

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エディプス

関: oedipal

[msw3-0] Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 135. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100251.

[SAP-1] Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.

[IUCN-2] Savage, A. & Causado, J. (2008). "Saguinus oedipus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/19823. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[3] German Wikipedia article

[Estrada2006-4] Estrada, A (2006). New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation.

[Defler2003-5] Defler, T (2003). José Vicente Rodríguez Mahecha. ed. Primates of Colombia (2nd ed.).

[Hershkovitz._1977-6] Hershkovitz, P (1977). Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini): with an introduction to Primates.

[EisenbergRedford._1999-7] Eisenberg, John F; Redford, Kent H (1999). Mammals of the Neotropics: The central neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press.

[8] "Animal Info - Endangered Animals". September 10, 2006. http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/saguoedi.htm. Retrieved 19 June 2012.

[Oakland_Zoo_-_Cotton_Topped_Tamarin-9] "Oakland zoo: Cotton Topped Tamarin". http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Cotton_Topped_Tamarin.php. Retrieved 20 June 2012.

[10] Endangered Species Feature: Cotton-top Tamarin

[2008-2010Top25-11] Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds. (2009) (PDF). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA.: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf.

[12] "Cotton-top Tamarin Conservation". Wildlife Conservation Network. http://wildlifeconservationnetwork.org/wildlife/cottontop2.html#conservationist.

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Saguinus oedipus