WordNet

in or to a high position, amount, or degree; "prices have gone up far too high"
a state of altered consciousness induced by alcohol or narcotics; "they took drugs to get a high on"
a state of sustained elation; "Im on a permanent high these days"
an air mass of higher than normal pressure; "the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high"
a lofty level or position or degree; "summer temperatures reached an all-time high"
a high place; "they stood on high and observed the countryside"; "he doesnt like heights" (同)heights
at a great altitude; "he climbed high on the ladder" (同)high up
used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency (同)high-pitched
happy and excited and energetic (同)in high spirits
slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) (同)mellow
in a rich manner; "he lives high" (同)richly, luxuriously
(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high'
far up toward the source; "he lives high up the river"
greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "a high temperature"; "a high price"; "the high point of his career"; "high risks"; "has high hopes"; "the river is high"; "he has a high opinion of himself"
in a high position or level or rank; "details known by only a few highly placed persons"
to a high degree or extent; favorably or with much respect; "highly successful"; "He spoke highly of her"; "does not think highly of his writing"; "extremely interesting" (同)extremely
at a high rate or wage; "highly paid workers"
being effective without wasting time or effort or expense; "an efficient production manager"; "efficient engines save gas"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『高い』,高い所にある / 《数の後に置いて》高さが…ある / (数量・程度などが標準より)『高い』,大きい,激しい / (身分・地位が)『高い』,高貴な / 『気高い』,高潔な / (声の調子が)『高い』,鋭い / 値段の高い,金の掛かる,ぜいたくな / 楽しい,陽気な,上得意の / (時・季節が)盛りの,たけなわの / (色が)濃い,赤い / 《話》(酒・麻薬などに)酔って / 『高く』,高い所に / (価値・程度などが)高く,高度に,激しく / 〈C〉《話》高水準,高値 / 〈U〉(自動車の)高速ギア / 〈C〉《話》(麻薬などによる)酔った状態
『高度に』,『非常に』,大いに / 高い位に,高貴に / 高価で(に),高給で(に)
『能率的な』,効率のいい / 『有能な』,敏腕な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2020/01/03 11:51:47」(JST)

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Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] In more mathematical or scientific terms, it is a measure of the extent to which input is well used for an intended task or function (output). It often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort.^[6] Efficiency refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries.

Efficiency is very often confused with effectiveness. In general, efficiency is a measurable concept, quantitatively determined by the ratio of useful output to total input. Effectiveness is the simpler concept of being able to achieve a desired result, which can be expressed quantitatively but does not usually require more complicated mathematics than addition. Efficiency can often be expressed as a percentage of the result that could ideally be expected, for example if no energy were lost due to friction or other causes, in which case 100% of fuel or other input would be used to produce the desired result. In some cases efficiency can be indirectly quantified with a non-percentage value, e.g. specific impulse.

A common but confusing way of distinguishing between efficiency and effectiveness is the saying "Efficiency is doing things right, while effectiveness is doing the right things." This saying indirectly emphasizes that the selection of objectives of a production process is just as important as the quality of that process. This saying popular in business however obscures the more common sense of "effectiveness", which would/should produce the following mnemonic: "Efficiency is doing things right; effectiveness is getting things done." This makes it clear that effectiveness, for example large production numbers, can also be achieved through inefficient processes if, for example, workers are willing or used to working longer hours or with greater physical effort than in other companies or countries or if they can be forced to do so. Similarly, a company can achieve effectiveness, for example large production numbers, through inefficient processes if it can afford to use more energy per product, for example if energy prices or labor costs or both are lower than for its competitors.

Efficiency is often measured as the ratio of useful output to total input, which can be expressed with the mathematical formula r=P/C, where P is the amount of useful output ("product") produced per the amount C ("cost") of resources consumed. This may correspond to a percentage if products and consumables are quantified in compatible units, and if consumables are transformed into products via a conservative process. For example, in the analysis of the energy conversion efficiency of heat engines in thermodynamics, the product P may be the amount of useful work output, while the consumable C is the amount of high-temperature heat input. Due to the conservation of energy, P can never be greater than C, and so the efficiency r is never greater than 100% (and in fact must be even less at finite temperatures).

In science and technology

In physics

Useful work per quantity of energy, mechanical advantage over ideal mechanical advantage, often denoted by the Greek lowercase letter η (Eta):
- Electrical efficiency
- Energy conversion efficiency
- Mechanical efficiency
- Thermal efficiency, ratio of work done to thermal energy consumed
Efficient energy use, the objective of maximising efficiency
- In thermodynamics:
  - Energy conversion efficiency, measure of second law thermodynamic loss
- Radiation efficiency, ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna
- Volumetric efficiency, in internal combustion engine design for the RAF
Lift-to-drag ratio
Faraday efficiency, electrolysis
Quantum efficiency, a measure of sensitivity of a photosensitive device
Grating efficiency, a generalization of the reflectance of a mirror, extended to a diffraction grating

In economics^[7]

Productivity improving technologies
Economic efficiency, the extent to which waste or other undesirable features are avoided
Market efficiency, the extent to which a given market resembles the ideal of an efficient market
- Pareto efficiency, a state of its being impossible to make one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off
- Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, a less stringent version of Pareto efficiency
- Allocative efficiency, the optimal distribution of goods
- Efficiency wages, paying workers more than the market rate for increased productivity
Business efficiency, revenues relative to expenses, etc.
Efficiency Movement, of the Progressive Era (1890–1932), advocated efficiency in the economy, society and government

In other sciences

In computing:
- Algorithmic efficiency, optimizing the speed and memory requirements of a computer program
- Storage efficiency, effectiveness of computer data storage
- Efficiency factor, in data communications
Efficiency (statistics), a measure of desirability of an estimator
Material efficiency, compares material requirements between construction projects or physical processes
Administrative efficiency, measuring transparency within public authorities and simplicity of rules and procedures for citizens and businesses

Photosynthetic efficiency

References

^ "efficiency". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "efficiency". Vocabulary.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "efficiency". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "efficient". The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ "efficient". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. Retrieved 9 May 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981
^ Sickles, R., & Zelenyuk, V. (2019). Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139565981

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