WordNet
- a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (特にバクテリアの)毒素
UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 膿痂疹 impetigo
English Journal
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Foods in Shaanxi, China.
- Wang X, Li G, Xia X, Yang B, Xi M, Meng J.Author information 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China .AbstractAbstract The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail foods in Shaanxi, China and to investigate antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of these strains. A total of 1979 retail food samples were randomly collected during 2008-2012 from supermarkets and farmers markets and screened for S. aureus, and then S. aureus isolates were further examined to determine whether they were MRSA. MRSA isolates were further characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing, and SCCmec typing, and were examined for genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Among all the samples examined, four (1.4%) raw milk samples, six (2.3%) chicken samples, one (0.6%) pork sample, three (0.6%) ready-to-eat food samples, and three (2.5%) dumpling samples were positive for MRSA. No MRSA isolates were recovered from infant foods. A total of 23 MRSA isolates were recovered from the 17 MRSA-positive samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that, among these MRSA isolates, resistance was most frequently observed to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, and clindamycin (each 100%), followed by erythromycin (95.7%) and clarithromycin (87.0%). The commonly detected toxin genes were pvl, seg, seb, sed, followed by see, sec, and sei. Seven spa types (t189, t377, t437, t899, t10793, t5762, and a new spa type) and three SCCmec types (II, IVb, and V) were identified. More than half (52.2%) of the MRSA isolates belonged to ST9, followed by ST88, ST59, ST188, ST72, and ST630. Our findings indicate that MRSA in food could be from both animal and human origin. Although the prevalence is low, the presence of multidrug resistant and enterotoxigenic MRSA strains in foods poses a potential threat to consumers and emphasizes the need for better control of sources of contamination.
- Foodborne pathogens and disease.Foodborne Pathog Dis.2014 Jan 3. [Epub ahead of print]
- Abstract The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail foods in Shaanxi, China and to investigate antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of these strains. A total of 1979 retail food samples were randomly collec
- PMID 24404781
- Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus carrying multiple drug resistance genes on a plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B.
- Hisatsune J, Hirakawa H, Yamaguchi T, Fudaba Y, Oshima K, Hattori M, Kato F, Kayama S, Sugai M.Author information Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.AbstractWe report the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of pETBTY825, a Staphylococcus aureus TY825 plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B (ETB). S. aureus TY825 is a clinical isolate obtained from an impetigo patient in 2002. The size of pETBTY825, 60.6 kbp, was unexpectedly larger than that of the archetype pETBTY4 (∼30 kbp). Genomic comparison of the plasmids shows that pETBTY825 has the archetype pETBTY4 as the backbone and has a single large extra DNA region of 22.4 kbp. The extra DNA region contains genes for resistance to aminoglycoside [aac(6')/aph(2″)], macrolide (msrA), and penicillin (blaZ). A plasmid deletion experiment indicated that these three resistance elements were functionally active. We retrospectively examined the resistance profile of the clinical ETB-producing S. aureus strains isolated in 1977 to 2007 using a MIC determination with gentamicin (GM), arbekacin (ABK), and erythromycin (EM) and by PCR analyses for aac(6')/aph(2″) and msrA using purified plasmid preparations. The ETB-producing S. aureus strains began to display high resistance to GM, which was parallel with the detection of aac(6')/aph(2″) and mecA, after 1990. Conversely, there was no significant change in the ABK MIC during the testing period, although it had a tendency to slightly increase. After 2001, isolates resistant to EM significantly increased; however, msrA was hardly detected in ETB-producing S. aureus strains, and only five isolates were positive for both aac(6')/aph(2″) and msrA. In this study, we report the emergence of a fusion plasmid carrying the toxin gene etb and drug resistance genes. Prevalence of the pETBTY825 carrier may further increase the clinical threat, since ETB-producing S. aureus is closely related to more severe impetigo or staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), which requires a general antimicrobial treatment.
- Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2013 Dec;57(12):6131-40. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01062-13. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
- We report the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of pETBTY825, a Staphylococcus aureus TY825 plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B (ETB). S. aureus TY825 is a clinical isolate obtained from an impetigo patient in 2002. The size of pETBTY825, 60.6 kbp, was unexpectedly larger than that of the a
- PMID 24080652
- Keratinocytes produce IL-6 in response to desmoglein 1 cleavage by Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin A.
- Rolle CE, Chen J, Pastar I, Cardenas TC, Perez R, Hower S, Ferracci F, Snyder R, Tomic-Canic M, Plano LR.Author information Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.AbstractMany skin infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen that produces virulence factors associated with these conditions such as exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA, ETB) and the leukotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Herein, we examine the potential of skin-infecting S. aureus to produce virulence factors and their impact on the local immune response. Toxin gene profiles were generated from 188 S. aureus isolated as single infecting organisms from skin lesions and demonstrated a higher potential to express ETA, ETB, and PVL than community isolates (p < 0.001). Within the study isolate group, the prevalence of genes encoding PVL was higher among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; n = 49), while genes encoding ETs were more prevalent in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA; n = 139). When lesion-associated white blood cell (WBC) counts were dichotomized into high- or low-WBC-count-associated bacteria, the gene for ETA was found to be associated with a low WBC count among MSSA (p = 0.001). The ETA-induced mouse model of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome was used to investigate the link between ETA and cytokine production. Elevated IL-6 levels in the serum and increased expression of IL-6 mRNA in the skin were detected in response to ETA exposure. These findings were recapitulated in vitro using primary human keratinocytes. Thus, S. aureus may influence the local immune response via ETA cleavage of desmoglein 1 and the induction of cutaneous IL-6 expression.
- Immunologic research.Immunol Res.2013 Dec;57(1-3):258-67. doi: 10.1007/s12026-013-8467-y.
- Many skin infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen that produces virulence factors associated with these conditions such as exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA, ETB) and the leukotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Herein, we examine the potential of skin-infecting S. au
- PMID 24287883
Japanese Journal
- Bacteriology: Development of a high-expression system for staphylococcal exfoliative toxin genes
- Onuma Kenta,Tanabe Taishi,Sato Hisaaki
- 日本獣醫學会会誌 73(8), 1051-1057, 2011-08
- NAID 40018969692
- Detection of Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxin genes by dot blot hybridization and multiplex polymerase chain reaction
- Onuma Kenta,Uoya Yusuke,Koide Tetsuo
- Microbiology and immunology 55(3), 168-173, 2011-03
- NAID 40018735604
Related Links
- Exfoliative Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus Michal Bukowski 1, Benedykt Wladyka 1 and Grzegorz Dubin 2,* 1 Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, wladykab@interia2 ...
- Exfoliative Toxins (ET's, ETA and ETB so far) are specific proteinic (30 kDa) serine proteases that hydrolyze desmosomal (connecting) proteins which bond the skin layers together. These are toxins created by Staphylococcus aureus ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| 国試過去問 | 「109I005」 |
| リンク元 | 「ブドウ球菌性熱傷様皮膚症候群」「水疱性伝染性膿痂疹」「表皮剥脱毒素」「表皮剥脱素」 |
| 関連記事 | 「exfoliative」 |
「109I005」
- 黄色ブドウ球菌が産生する表皮剥脱毒素(exfoliative toxin)によって生じる疾患はどれか。
※国試ナビ4※ ［109I004］←［国試_109］→［109I006］
「ブドウ球菌性熱傷様皮膚症候群」
- scald
- 英
- staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, SSSS(4S)
- 同
- リッター病 Ritter disease Ritter's disease、ブドウ球菌性皮膚剥脱症候群、新生児剥脱性皮膚炎 dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum DEN
- 関
- 黄色ブドウ球菌 Staphylococcus aureus
病原体
疫学
- 6歳までの乳幼児に多い。
病因
- Staphylococcus aureusが分泌する表皮剥脱性毒素(exfoliative toxin, ET)による。
- ETが結構によって全身皮膚に到達し、デスモグレイン1を切断し、表皮上層で、落葉状天疱瘡と類似した棘融解と浅い水疱を生じる。弛緩性水疱
症状
- 皮膚病変は紅斑、弛緩性水疱、落屑の順に出現する。
身体所見
- ニコルスキー現象陽性
国試
「水疱性伝染性膿痂疹」
- 黄色ブドウ球菌による表皮剥脱毒素(ET, exfoliative toxin)による皮膚感染症である。
- 小水疱から弛緩性水疱を形成、破れた場合に周辺部位に水疱病変を形成する。
- ブドウ球菌性熱傷様皮膚症候群(SSSS)に進展することがある。
「表皮剥脱毒素」
「表皮剥脱素」
「exfoliative」
- adj.
- 表皮剥脱性の、剥脱性の