WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)p

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合
parking
phosphorusの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/28 08:13:54」(JST)

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P antigen system is a human blood group system based upon genes on chromosome 22.

P Antigens[edit]

The P antigens are carbohydrate antigens that include P₁, P, and P^k.

P Phenotypes[edit]

P phenotypes are define by reactivity to antibodies to anti-P₁, anti-P, anti-P^k and anti-PP₁P^k.

P₁ Phenotype: anti-P₁ (+), anti-P (+) and anti-PP₁P^k (+) and anti-P^k (-). Seen in 80% of Whites and 95% of Blacks.^[1]
P2 Phenotype: anti-P₁ (-), anti-P (+), antiPP₁P^k (+), and anti-P^k (-). Seen in 20% of Whites and 5% of Blacks.^[2]
Rare p phenotype (absence of P antigens): anti-P₁ (-), anti-P (-), anti-PP₁P^k (-), and anti-P^k (-). These individuals have a very strong anti-PP₁P^k which can be associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).^[3]

P Antigens[edit]

P^k antigen is a receptor for shiga toxins and Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)., ,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] It is also a receptor for Streptococcus suis (zoonotic bacterium which can cause bacterial meningitis).^[8]

The P antigen is a receptor for parvovirus B19 (agent causing erythema infectiosum/fifth disease which can cause transient anemia or aplastic crisis).^[9]

P1, P, P^k and LKE antigens all serve as receptors for P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli (cause of chronic urinary tract infections).^[10]

P Antibodies[edit]

Anti-P1 titers are often elevated in patients with liver flukes (fascioliasis), hydatid cyst disease and who are frequently exposed to birds (which may have P1-like substances in their excrement).^[11]

Anti-PP1P^k is composed of a mixture of anti-P, anti-P1 and antiP^k in the serum of p individuals. Alloanti-P is seen in the sera of P₁^k and P₂^k persons and is naturally occurring and predominantly IgM isotype (but may also be a mixture of IgM and IgG).^[12] The antibodies are capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (if IgG isotype and therefore capable of crossing the placenta).^[13] There is a relationship between anti-PP1P^k and early spontaneous abortion (the placenta is rich in P^k and P antigens which are targeted by IgG isotype antibodies).^[14]

Autoanti-P (Donath-Landsteiner) is an autoantibody of P specificity and is seen in individuals with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). In PCH, autoanti-P is of IgG isotype and is a biphasic hemolysin (it is capable of hemolysis only after incubation at two different temperatures in vitro). In the bod, autoanti-P antibodies bind to red blood cells at cold temperatures (such as in acral circulation) and, after circulating back to the core of the body, subsequently induce intravascular hemolysis in warmer temperatures (core body temperature).^[15]

Antibody Detection[edit]

Anti-P antibodies are not usually detected with routine laboratory methods. It is possible to detect them using the Donath-Landsteiner test. This test is performed on 2 vials of blood at two different temperatures: 4 C and 37 C (body temperature). A test is interpreted as positive only after a patient's red blood cells have been incubated at both temperatures and subsequently hemolyzed.^[16]

References[edit]

^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.
^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.
^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Cooling LW, Walker KE, Gille T, Koerner TAW. Shiga Toxin Binds Human Platelets Via Globotriaoslyceramide (P^k antigen) and a Novel Platelet Glycosphingolipid. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 4355-66.
^ Beadling W, Cooling L. Immunohematology. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 25th Ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007: 618-68.
^ Spitalnik PF, Spitalnik SL. The P Blood Group System: Biochemical, Serological, and Clinical Aspects. Transfus Med Rev 1995; 9: 110-22.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback JD et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda: AABB Press, 2008.
^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.

Dr.Purabolicur

Reference MR YU FROM GLADSTONE SECONDARY

External links[edit]

P at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH

UpToDate Contents

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1. 赤血球抗原および抗体 red blood cell antigens and antibodies
2. 赤血球表面抗原および細胞骨格蛋白質の異常によるマラリアに対する防御 protection against malaria by abnormalities in red cell surface antigens and cytoskeletal proteins
3. パルボウイルスB19感染の微生物学、疫学、および病因 microbiology epidemiology and pathogenesis of parvovirus b19 infection
4. 妊娠中の非Rh（D）RBC同種抗体のマネージメント management of non rh d red blood cell alloantibodies during pregnancy
5. 尿路感染症における細菌付着およびその他の病原因子 bacterial adherence and other virulence factors for urinary tract infection

English Journal

A hemolytic anti-LKE associated with a rare LKE-negative, "weak P" red blood cell phenotype: alloanti-LKE and alloanti-P recognize galactosylgloboside and monosialogalactosylgloboside (LKE) antigens.

Cooling L1, Dake LR, Haverty D, Mullis N, Ellis S, Shayman J, Judd WJ.
Transfusion.Transfusion.2015 Jan;55(1):115-28. doi: 10.1111/trf.12772. Epub 2014 Jul 9.
BACKGROUND: "Weak P" is a rare red blood cell (RBC) phenotype, characterized by a global decrease in P(k) and P antigens. We now describe a second weak P individual who also typed LKE-negative (LKE-N) and possessed a clinically significant anti-LKE.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patient RBCs and plasma w
PMID 25039255

A systematic study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the A4GALT gene suggests a molecular genetic basis for the P1/P2 blood groups.

Lai YJ1, Wu WY, Yang CM, Yang LR, Chu CC, Chan YS, Lin M, Yu LC.
Transfusion.Transfusion.2014 Dec;54(12):3222-31. doi: 10.1111/trf.12771. Epub 2014 Jul 20.
BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanism for the formation of the P1/P2 blood groups remains unsolved. It has been shown that the P1/P2 polymorphism is connected to the different A4GALT gene expression levels in P1 and P2 red blood cells.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The present investigation conducted a pil
PMID 25041587

P1PK, GLOB, and FORS blood group systems and GLOB collection: biochemical and clinical aspects. Do we understand it all yet?

Kaczmarek R1, Buczkowska A2, Mikołajewicz K1, Krotkiewski H1, Czerwinski M3.
Transfusion medicine reviews.Transfus Med Rev.2014 Jul;28(3):126-36. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 Apr 27.
Antigens belonging to the P1PK, GLOB, and FORS blood group systems and the GLOB blood group collection represent a closely related set of 13 glycosphingolipids (GSLs). They are synthesized by the coordinated action of glycosyltransferases, encoded by at least 7 different loci. Three of these enzymes
PMID 24895151

Japanese Journal

ABO血液型の A-weak 表現型関連アリールとその形成

西向弘明,沖浦達幸,辻村隆介,福森泰雄
DNA多型 = DNA polymorphism 19, 139-141, 2011-05-30
NAID 10029668773

Establishment of a simple detection system for blood group ABO-specific transferase activity in DNA-transfected cells

NISHIDA Chiyomi,NISHIYAMA Chiharu,SATOH Koichi,HARA Mutsuko,ITOH Yukio,OGAWA Hideoki,OKUMURA Ko
Legal medicine 12(4), 172-176, 2010-07-01
NAID 10027575992