WordNet

issue a challenge to; "Fischer challenged Spassky to a match"
a demanding or stimulating situation; "they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power"
a call to engage in a contest or fight
a demand by a sentry for a password or identification
a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror
questioning a statement and demanding an explanation; "his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy"
take exception to; "She challenged his claims" (同)dispute, gainsay
raise a formal objection in a court of law (同)take exception
ask for identification; "The illegal immigrant was challenged by the border guard"
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『挑戦』,試合の申し込み;〈C〉挑戦状 / 〈U〉(番兵などが怪しい者に)“だれか"と呼び掛けること / 〈C〉手ごたえのある事(物) / 〈U〉〈C〉(…への)異議申し立て抗議《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(陪審員に対する)忌避 / (競技・決闘などを)〈人〉‘に'『挑む』,挑戦する / …‘に'『異議を申し立てる』 / 〈物事が〉〈人〉'を'奮起させる,〈興味など〉'を'呼び起こす / 〈番兵・守衛などが〉…‘に'“だれか"と呼び掛ける / 〈陪審員・裁判官〉'を'忌避する
ビールス,ろ過性病原体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/27 22:47:06」(JST)

wiki en

Norwalk virus is known as winter vomiting virus, which was originally named after Norwalk, Ohio, in the United States, where an outbreak of acute viral gastroenteritis occurred among children at Bronson Elementary School in November 1968.

Viruses are classified into family, genus, and species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV),^[1] and Norwalk virus is the only species of the genus Norovirus, which belongs to the family Caliciviridae. Formerly, Norwalk virus was included in the genus "Norwalk-like virus" between 1999 and 2002,^[2]^[3] and the "Norwalk-like virus" was replaced with Norovirus on the 8th Report of the ICTV^[4] in response to the approval of the new name of Norovirus at the 12th International Congress of Virology in Paris (2002).^[5] Because the genus Norovirus has only one species^[6] (Norwalk virus) as well as the fact the genus "Norwalk-like virus" was officially replaced with the genus Norovirus, these often cause confusion on the correct usage of the term Norovirus and that of Norwalk virus. Currently, the term norovirus has been more frequently used in the media and by health authorities.

In association with the circumstances,^[vague]^[7] the ICTV received a request to rename the genus Norovirus in earlier 2011 because children in Japan and elsewhere who have the family name "Noro" may have the possibility of teasing or bullying from others. The ICTV circulated the concerns to many international virologists, including those who originally proposed the taxonomic name, and the concerns were extensively discussed. A press release^[8] and a newsletter^[9] were finally published by the ICTV in 2011, which strongly encourage the media, national health authorities and the scientific community to use the virus name "Norwalk virus", rather than the term "norovirus," when referring to outbreaks of the disease. The ICTV regards the usage of the term "norovirus" as incorrect when referring to outbreaks actually due to Norwalk virus because there is no virus species called norovirus.^[8]^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Virus Taxonomy: 2011 Release (current). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
^ Pringle CR (1999). "Virus Taxonomy at the XIth International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 1999". Archives of Virology 144 (10): 2065–2070. doi:10.1007/s007050050728. PMID 10550679.
^ Pringle CR (1999). "Virus Taxonomy – 1999. The universal system of virus taxonomy, updated to include the new proposals ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses during 1998". Archives of Virology 144 (2): 421–429. doi:10.1007/s007050050515. PMID 10470265.
^ Virus Taxonomy: 2005 Release (8th Report). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
^ Mayo MA (2002). "A summary of taxonomic changes recently approved by ICTV". Archives of Virology 147 (8): 1655–1663. doi:10.1007/s007050200039. PMID 12181683.
^ Andrew M.Q. King, Elliot Lefkowitz, Michael J. Adams and Eric B. Carstens, ed. (2011). "Family – Caliciviridae". Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 977–986. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00084-7. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6.
^ "Getting Rid of Norovirus". The New York Times. April 1, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Press release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Virology Division-IUMS. Sep 14, 2011 ^{[verification needed]}
^ 2011 ICTV Newsletter #9, November 2011. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. November 14, 2011

UpToDate Contents

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1. ノロウイルスおよび関連ウイルスの疫学、臨床症状および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of norovirus and related viruses
2. 成人における急性ウイルス性胃腸炎のマネジメント management of acute viral gastroenteritis in adults
3. 成人におけるウイルス性胃腸炎の疫学 epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in adults
4. 小児におけるウイルス性胃腸炎の疫学、病因、臨床症状および診断 epidemiology pathogenesis clinical presentation and diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in children
5. 先進国における急性下痢の疫学および原因 epidemiology and causes of acute diarrhea in developed countries

English Journal

Disease course and viral shedding in experimental Norwalk virus and Snow Mountain virus infection.

Kirby AE1, Shi J, Montes J, Lichtenstein M, Moe CL.Author information 1Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.AbstractNorovirus is the most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis, causing approximately 21 million cases annually in the USA. The virus is highly contagious and resistant to decontamination, making outbreaks difficult to control. To facilitate the development of better control methods, this study characterized the viral shedding patterns in stools from subjects experimentally infected with genogroup I or II norovirus. Viral stool titers were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR for all stools produced in the first 7 days post-challenge and representative stools through day 35 post-challenge. The shedding titers and disease course were analyzed with respect to virus type, illness, and subject demographics. Infection with GII.2 Snow Mountain (SMV) resulted in more symptoms and a higher frequency of painful symptoms compared to GI.1 Norwalk (NV) infection. However, NV infection produced stool viral titers approximately 2 logs higher than those seen in SMV infections. Both NV and SMV were shed in stools for up to 3 weeks after the resolution of symptoms, but long shedding durations were more common in NV infections. For each challenge virus, shedding titers and patterns were not correlated with subject demographics or clinical course. This is the first study to report shedding dynamics in experimental GII norovirus infection. J. Med. Virol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Feb 14. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23905. [Epub ahead of print]
Norovirus is the most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis, causing approximately 21 million cases annually in the USA. The virus is highly contagious and resistant to decontamination, making outbreaks difficult to control. To facilitate the development of better control methods, this st
PMID 24531909

Seroepidemiology of norovirus-associated travelers' diarrhea.

Ajami NJ1, Kavanagh OV, Ramani S, Crawford SE, Atmar RL, Jiang ZD, Okhuysen PC, Estes MK, DuPont HL.Author information 1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Public Health, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston, TX, USA.AbstractBACKGROUND: Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and were recently identified as a leading cause of travelers' diarrhea (TD) in US and European travelers to Mexico, Guatemala, and India.
Journal of travel medicine.J Travel Med.2014 Jan-Feb;21(1):6-11. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12092.
BACKGROUND: Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and were recently identified as a leading cause of travelers' diarrhea (TD) in US and European travelers to Mexico, Guatemala, and India.METHO
PMID 24383649

Structural and inhibitor studies of norovirus 3C-like proteases.

Takahashi D1, Kim Y, Lovell S, Prakash O, Groutas WC, Chang KO.Author information 1Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.AbstractNoroviruses have a single-stranded, positive sense 7-8kb RNA genome, which encodes a polyprotein precursor processed by a virus-encoded 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) to generate mature non-structural proteins. Because processing of the polyprotein is essential for virus replication, norovirus 3CLpro has been targeted for the discovery of anti-norovirus small molecule therapeutics. Thus, we performed functional, structural and inhibition studies of norovirus 3CLpro with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay, X-ray crystallography, and NMR spectroscopy with a synthetic protease inhibitor. Three 3CLpro from Norwalk virus (NV, genogroup I), MD145 (genogroup II) and murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1, genogroup V) were optimized for a FRET assay, and compared for the inhibitory activities of a synthetic protease inhibitor (GC376). The apo 3D structures of NV 3CLpro determined with X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy were further analyzed. In addition, the binding mode of NV 3CLpro-GC376 was compared with X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The results of this report provide insight into the interaction of NV 3CLpro with substrate/inhibitor for better understanding of the enzyme and antiviral drug development.
Virus research.Virus Res.2013 Dec 26;178(2):437-44. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.008. Epub 2013 Sep 17.
Noroviruses have a single-stranded, positive sense 7-8kb RNA genome, which encodes a polyprotein precursor processed by a virus-encoded 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) to generate mature non-structural proteins. Because processing of the polyprotein is essential for virus replication, norovirus 3
PMID 24055466

Japanese Journal

High Efficiency Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Production by Oral Immunization with Recombinant Norwalk Virus-Like Particles

TANAKA Tomoyuki,KITAMOTO Noritoshi,JIANG Xi,ESTES Mary K.
Microbiology and immunology 50(11), 883-888, 2006-11-20
NAID 10018398315

Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultured mammalian cells

ASANAKA M
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(29), 10327-10332, 2005
NAID 80017492996

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ノロウイルス属」「challenge」「ノーウォークウイルス」「Norwalkウイルス」
関連記事	「virus」

「ノロウイルス属」

Norwalk virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Family:	Caliciviridae
Genus:	Norovirus
Species:	Norwalk virus

　　[★]

英: norovirus
関: ウイルス、ノロウイルス、ノロウイルス感染症
関: Norwalk-like virus, small round-structured virus

ここではノロウイルスとはノロウイルス属に属するウイルスの総称と解釈する
カリシウイルス科のウイルス
ノーウォークウイルスが所属している。
一本鎖RNA(+)
エンベロープ無し

ノロウイルス属

(wikipedia en - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk-like_viruses)

Noroviruses (NoV) are a genetically diverse group of single stranded RNA, nonenveloped viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family.[27] According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus, the genus Norovirus has one species, which is called "Norwalk virus" and assigned the abbreviation "NV". Serotypes, strains and isolates include:[28]