関: N-type voltage-dependent calcium channel

WordNet

direct the flow of; "channel information towards a broad audience" (同)canalize, canalise
a television station and its programs; "a satellite TV channel"; "surfing through the channels"; "they offer more than one hundred channels" (同)television channel, TV channel
a passage for water (or other fluids) to flow through; "the fields were crossed with irrigation channels"; "gutters carried off the rainwater into a series of channels under the street"
(often plural) a means of communication or access; "it must go through official channels"; "lines of communication were set up between the two firms" (同)communication channel, line
a path over which electrical signals can pass; "a channel is typically what you rent from a telephone company" (同)transmission channel
a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels; "the ship went aground in the channel"
write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earths crust; an important component of most plants and animals (同)Ca, atomic number 20
the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n
writing done with a typewriter (同)typewriting

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『水路』(川・湾・運河の船の通行ができる深い部分) / 〈U〉河床・川底 / 〈C〉『海峡』 / 〈C〉みぞ(groove),(道路の)水渠(すいきょ) / 《複数形で》(運搬・伝達の)正式の経路(手続き);(一般に)経路 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)チャンネル / …‘に'水路を開く / …‘に'みぞを堀る / …'を'伝える,流す
〈C〉(…の)『型』,タイプ,類型,種類(kind)《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(その種類の特質を最もよく表している)『典型』,手本,模範《+of+名》 / 〈U〉《集合的に》活字;〈C〉(1個の)活字 / 〈U〉(印刷された)字体,活字 / 〈C〉(貨幣・メダルなどの)模様,図柄 / 〈C〉血液型(blood group) / …‘を'タイプに打つ / (…として)…‘を'分類する《+名+as+名(doing)》 / …‘の'型を決める / タイプライターを打つ
『カルシウム』(金属元素;化学記号は『Ca』)
nitrogenの化学記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/06 10:37:13」(JST)

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Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical impulses into chemical signals.

Neuron A (transmitting) to neuron B (receiving)

1. Mitochondrion
2. Synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters
3. Autoreceptor
4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released (serotonin)
5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neuro-transmitter (induction of a postsynaptic potential)
6. Calcium channel
7. Exocytosis of a vesicle
8. Recaptured neurotransmitter

The N-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. As with other sub-types of voltage-gated calcium channel, the α₁ subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell and determines most of the channel's properties. The α₁ subunit is also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit (CACNA1B) or Ca_v2.2^[1] which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1B gene.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Clinical significance

Mutations in CACNA1B are associated to Myoclonus-Dystonia syndrome .^[5]

Structure

In addition to the α₁ subunit, the following subunits are present in the N-type calcium channel:

α₂δ – CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2
β₁ – CACNB1
β₃ – CACNB3
β₄ – CACNB4

Function

N-type ('N' for "Neural-Type" ) calcium channels are found primarily at presynaptic terminals and are involved in neurotransmission.^[6] Strong depolarization by an action potential causes these channels to open and allow influx of Ca²⁺, initiating vesicle fusion and release of stored neurotransmitter. N-type channels are blocked by ω-conotoxin.^[1]

Therapeutic Potential

Blockade of the N-type calcium channel is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of alcoholism.^[7]^[8] Blockade of N-type calcium channels in sensory neurons has therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain types of pain, particularly neuropathic pain. The peptide N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide is given intrathecally for intractable pain.

Blockers

ω-Conotoxins
Ziconotide
Caroverine
Cilnidipine
NP078585^[7]
TROX-1
Gabapentin^[9]
Levetiracetam^[10]
Lamotrigine^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Williams ME, Brust PF, Feldman DH, Patthi S, Simerson S, Maroufi A, McCue AF, Veliçelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM (Jul 1992). "Structure and functional expression of an omega-conotoxin-sensitive human N-type calcium channel". Science 257 (5068): 389–95. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..389W. doi:10.1126/science.1321501. PMID 1321501.
^ "Entrez Gene: CACNA1B calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit".
^ Diriong S, Lory P, Williams ME, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Taviaux S (Dec 1995). "Chromosomal localization of the human genes for alpha 1A, alpha 1B, and alpha 1E voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subunits". Genomics 30 (3): 605–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1284. PMID 8825650.
^ Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J (Dec 2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels". Pharmacological Reviews 57 (4): 411–25. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.5. PMID 16382099.
^ Groen JL, Andrade A, Ritz K, Jalalzadeh H, Haagmans M, Bradley TE, Jongejan A, Verbeek DS, Nürnberg P, Denome S, Hennekam RC, Lipscombe D, Baas F, Tijssen MA (Feb 2015). "CACNA1B mutation is linked to unique myoclonus-dystonia syndrome". Human Molecular Genetics 24 (4): 987–93. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu513. PMID 25296916.
^ Kurihara T, Tanabe T (Apr 2003). "N-type Ca2+ channel". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 121 (4): 211–22. doi:10.1254/fpj.121.211. PMID 12777840.
^ ^a ^b Newton PM, Zeng L, Wang V, Connolly J, Wallace MJ, Kim C, Shin HS, Belardetti F, Snutch TP, Messing RO (Nov 2008). "A blocker of N- and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels attenuates ethanol-induced intoxication, place preference, self-administration, and reinstatement". The Journal of Neuroscience 28 (45): 11712–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3621-08.2008. PMC 3045811. PMID 18987207. Lay summary – Psychology Today.
^ Newton PM, Messing RO (2009). "The N-type calcium channel is a novel target for treating alcohol use disorders". Channels 3 (2): 77–81. doi:10.4161/chan.3.2.8037. PMID 19372737.
^ Vega-Hernández A, Felix R (Apr 2002). "Down-regulation of N-type voltage-activated Ca2+ channels by gabapentin". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 22 (2): 185–90. PMID 12363200.
^ Lukyanetz EA, Shkryl VM, Kostyuk PG (Jan 2002). "Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam". Epilepsia 43 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.24501.x. PMID 11879381.
^ Wang SJ, Huang CC, Hsu KS, Tsai JJ, Gean PW (Nov 1996). "Inhibition of N-type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones". Neuroreport 7 (18): 3037–40. doi:10.1097/00001756-199611250-00048. PMID 9116235.

External links

CACNA1B protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
N-Type Calcium Channel at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. カルシウム拮抗剤の主な副作用および安全性 major side effects and safety of calcium channel blockers
2. カルシウム拮抗剤中毒 calcium channel blocker poisoning
3. 安定狭心症のマネージメントにおけるカルシウム拮抗剤 calcium channel blockers in the management of stable angina pectoris
4. 不整脈治療におけるカルシウムチャネル遮断剤拮抗剤 calcium channel blockers in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
5. Lambert-Eaton筋無力症候群の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome

English Journal

Dominance of P/Q-type calcium channels in depolarization-induced presynaptic fm dye release in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Nimmervoll B, Flucher BE, Obermair GJ.SourceDivision of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2013 Dec 3;253:330-40. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.052. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
Neurotransmitter release probability is related by high power to the local concentration of calcium in presynaptic terminals, which in turn is controlled by voltage-gated calcium channels. P/Q- and N-type channels trigger synaptic transmission in the majority of neurons of the central nervous system
PMID 24012836

Intrathecal ziconotide: a review of its use in patients with chronic pain refractory to other systemic or intrathecal analgesics.

Sanford M.SourceAdis, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand, demail@springer.com.
CNS drugs.CNS Drugs.2013 Nov;27(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0107-5.
Ziconotide (Prialt(®)) is a synthetic conopeptide analgesic that acts by selectively antagonizing N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Intrathecal ziconotide is the only non-opioid intrathecal analgesic that is FDA-approved for use in patients with treatment-refractory, chronic pain. The efficacy
PMID 23999971

Spatiotemporal properties of high-speed calcium oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus.

Hyde J, Kezunovic N, Urbano FJ, Garcia-Rill E.SourceCenter for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985).J Appl Physiol (1985).2013 Nov;115(9):1402-14. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00762.2013. Epub 2013 Aug 29.
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a component of the reticular activating system (RAS), and is involved in the activated states of waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Gamma oscillations (approximately 30-80 Hz) are evident in all PPN neurons and are mediated by high-threshold voltage-depe
PMID 23990242

Japanese Journal

N-type Calcium Channel Inhibition With Cilnidipine Elicits Glomerular Podocyte Protection Independent of Sympathetic Nerve Inhibition

Lei Bai,Nakano Daisuke,Fujisawa Yoshihide [他],LIU Ya,HITOMI Hirofumi,KOBORI Hiroyuki,MORI Hirohito,MASAKI Tsutomu,ASANUMA Katsuhiko,TOMINO Yasuhiko,NISHIYAMA Akira
Journal of pharmacological sciences 119(4), 359-367, 2012-08-20
… We recently demonstrated that cilnidipine, an L/N-type calcium channel blocker, elicits protective effects against glomerular podocyte injury, in particular, in obese hypertensive rats that express the N-type calcium channel (N-CC). …
NAID 10031071591

Role of Hyp Residues for the Folding and the Activity of ω-Conotoxin GVIA, a Specific Blocker of N-Type Calcium Channel

SATO Kazuki,KIM Jae Il,TAKAHASHI Masami
福岡女子大学人間環境学部紀要 43, 23-28, 2012-03-30
NAID 110009657084

Cilnidipine, but not amlodipine, ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized hypertensive rats through inhibition of the N-type calcium channel

SHIMIZU Hideo,NAKAGAMI Hironori,YASUMASA Natsuki,KIOMY MARIANA Osako,KYUTOKU Mariko,KORIYAMA Hiroshi,NAKAGAMI Futoshi,SHIMAMURA Munehisa,RAKUGI Hiromi,MORISHITA Ryuichi
Hypertension research : clinical and experimental : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 35(1), 77-81, 2012-01-01
NAID 10030643005

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「N型カルシウムチャネル」「N-typeカルシウムチャネル」
関連記事	「type」「channel」「n」「N」「typed」

「N型カルシウムチャネル」

Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2LCM
Identifiers
Symbols	CACNA1B ; BIII; CACNL1A5; CACNN; Cav2.2; DYT23
External IDs	OMIM: 601012 MGI: 88296 HomoloGene: 20184 IUPHAR: 533 ChEMBL: 4478 GeneCards: CACNA1B Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• voltage-gated calcium channel activity; • calcium ion binding; • protein binding; • ATP binding; • protein C-terminus binding; • high voltage-gated calcium channel activity;
Cellular component	• plasma membrane; • voltage-gated calcium channel complex; • dendrite; • neuronal cell body;
Biological process	• transport; • calcium ion transport; • synaptic transmission; • neurotransmitter secretion; • locomotory behavior; • regulation of heart contraction; • regulation of blood pressure; • ion transmembrane transport; • regulation of ion transmembrane transport; • response to pain; • membrane depolarization; • regulation of calcium ion transport; • calcium ion import; • calcium ion transmembrane transport; • membrane depolarization during action potential;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	v; t; e;