2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
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| Names |
| IUPAC name
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
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| Other names
2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid; 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate; 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
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| Identifiers |
| Abbreviations |
2,3-BPG; 2,3-DPG; 23BPG |
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CAS Registry Number
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138-81-8 N |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:17720 Y |
| ChemSpider |
161681 Y
60 (Racemic) Y |
InChI
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InChI=1S/C3H8O10P2/c4-3(5)2(13-15(9,10)11)1-12-14(6,7)8/h2H,1H2,(H,4,5)(H2,6,7,8)(H2,9,10,11)/t2-/m1/s1 Y
Key: XOHUEYCVLUUEJJ-UWTATZPHSA-N Y
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| Jmol-3D images |
Image |
| PubChem |
61 |
SMILES
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O=P(O)(OC(C(=O)O)COP(=O)(O)O)O
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| Properties |
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Molecular formula
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C3H8O10P2 |
| Molar mass |
266.04 g·mol−1 |
Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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| N verify (what is: Y/N?) |
| Infobox references |
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2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 2,3-BPG, also known as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or 2,3-DPG) is a three-carbon isomer of the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-BPG). 2,3-BPG is present in human red blood cells (RBC; erythrocyte) at approximately 5 mmol/L. It binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin (e.g. when the red cell is near respiring tissue) than it does to oxygenated hemoglobin (e.g., in the lungs) due to spatial changes: 2,3-BPG (with an estimated size of about 9 angstroms) fits in the deoxygenated hemoglobin configuration (11 angstroms), but not as well in the oxygenated (5 angstroms). It interacts with deoxygenated hemoglobin beta subunits by decreasing their affinity for oxygen, so it allosterically promotes the release of the remaining oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin, thus enhancing the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most. 2,3-BPG is thus an allosteric effector.
Its function was discovered in 1967 by Reinhold Benesch and Ruth Benesch.[1]
Contents
- 1 Metabolism
- 2 Effects of binding
- 3 Fetal hemoglobin
- 4 Diseases related to 2,3-BPG
- 5 Hemodialysis
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Metabolism
2,3-BPG is formed from 1,3-BPG by the enzyme BPG mutase. It can then be broken down by 2,3-BPG phosphatase to form 3-phosphoglycerate. Its synthesis and breakdown are, therefore, a way around a step of glycolysis, with the net expense of one ATP per molecule of 2,3-BPG generated as the high-energy carboxylic acid-phosphate mixed anhydride bond is cleaved by bisphosphoglycerate mutase.
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The normal glycolytic pathway generates 1,3-BPG, which may be dephosphorylated by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), generating ATP, or it may be shunted into the Luebering-Rapoport pathway, where bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from C1 to C2 of 1,3-BPG, giving 2,3-BPG. 2,3-BPG, the most concentrated organophosphate in the erythrocyte, forms 3-PG by the action of bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The concentration of 2,3-BPG varies inversely with the [H+], which is inhibitory to catalytic action of bisphosphoglyceromutase.
There is a delicate balance between the need to generate ATP to support energy requirements for cell metabolism and the need to maintain appropriate oxygenation/deoxygenation status of hemoglobin. This balance is maintained by isomerisation of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG, which enhances the deoxygenation of hemoglobin. Low pH inhibits the activity of biphosphoglyceromutase and activates bisphosphoglyerate phosphatase, which favors generation of ATP.[2]
Effects of binding
Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
When 2,3-BPG binds to deoxyhemoglobin, it acts to stabilize the low oxygen affinity state (T state) of the oxygen carrier. It fits neatly into the cavity of the deoxy- conformation, exploiting the molecular symmetry and positive polarity by forming salt bridges with lysine and histidine residues in the ß subunits of hemoglobin. The R state, with oxygen bound to a heme group, has a different conformation and does not allow this interaction. By itself, hemoglobin has sigmoid-like kinetics, which makes easier another subunits’ binding (the first molecule of oxygen helps the following to link).
By selectively binding to deoxyhemoglobin, 2,3-BPG stabilizes the T state conformation, making it harder for oxygen to bind hemoglobin and more likely to be released to adjacent tissues. 2,3-BPG is part of a feedback loop that can help prevent tissue hypoxia in conditions where it is most likely to occur. Conditions of low tissue oxygen concentration such as high altitude (2,3-BPG levels are higher in those acclimated to high altitudes), airway obstruction, or congestive heart failure will tend to cause RBCs to generate more 2,3-BPG in their effort to generate energy by allowing more oxygen to be released in tissues deprived of oxygen. Ultimately, this mechanism increases oxygen release from RBCs under circumstances where it is needed most. This release is potentiated by the Bohr effect in tissues with high energetic demands. Bohr effect is another useful way to solve the affinity problem of the hemoglobin, and it is related to the pH and the CO2. It’s important to highlight that the behaviour of myoglobin doesn’t work in the same way, as 2,3-BPG has no effect on it.
In pregnant women, there is a 30% increase in intracellular 2,3-BPG. This lowers the maternal hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, and therefore allows more oxygen to be offloaded to the fetus in the maternal uterine arteries. The foetus has a low sensitivity to 2,3-BPG, so its hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. Therefore although the pO2 in the uterine arteries is low, the foetal umbilical arteries (which are deoxygenated) can still get oxygenated from them.
Fetal hemoglobin
It is interesting to note that fetal hemoglobin (HbF) exhibits a low affinity for 2,3-BPG, resulting in a higher binding affinity for oxygen. This increased oxygen-binding affinity relative to that of adult hemoglobin (HbA) is due to HbF's having two α/γ dimers as opposed to the two α/β dimers of HbA. The positive histidine residues of HbA β-subunits that are essential for forming the 2,3-BPG binding pocket are replaced by serine residues in HbF γ-subunits. Like that, histidine nº143 gets lost, so 2,3-BPG has difficulties in linking to the fetal hemoglobin, and it looks like the pure hemoglobin. That’s the way O2 flows from the mother to the fetus. As we can see in the following image, fetal hemoglobin has more affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Moreover, myoglobin has the highest affinity to oxygen.
Differences between myoglobin (Mb), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), adult hemoglobin (Hb A)
Diseases related to 2,3-BPG
A 2004 study checked the effects of thyroid hormone on 2,3-BPG levels. The result was that the hyperthyroidism modulates in vivo 2,3-BPG content in erythrocytes by changes in the expression of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and 2,3-BPG synthase. This result shows that the increase in the 2,3-BPG content of erythrocytes observed in hyperthyroidism doesn’t depend on any variation in the rate of circulating hemoglobin, but seems to be a direct consequence of the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on erythrocyte glycolytic activity.[3]
This illness is characterized by a lack of iron, and as 2,3-BPG needs this chemical element to be synthesized, BPG concentration decreases and hemoglobin binds tightly to oxygen. As a result, oxygen release to tissue is reduced.
- Chronic respiratory disease with hypoxia
Recently, scientists have found similarities between low amounts of 2,3-BPG with the occurrence of high altitude pulmonary edema at high altitudes.
CONCENTRATION OF 2,3-BPG ERYTHROCYTE FOUND IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL SITUATIONS STUDIED
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n |
Hb (g/dl) |
2,3-BPG (mM) |
| 1 |
Normality |
120 |
14.2 ± 1.6 |
4.54 ± 0.57 |
| 2 |
Hyperthyroidism |
35 |
13.7 ± 1.4 |
5.66 ± 0.69 |
| 3 |
Iron deficiency anaemia |
40 |
10.0 ± 1.7 |
5.79 ± 1.02 |
| 4 |
Chronic respiratory disease with hypoxia |
47 |
16.4 ± 2.2 |
5.29 ± 1.13 |
Hemodialysis
In a 1998 study, erythrocyte 2,3-BPG concentration was analyzed during the hemodialysis process. The 2,3-BPG concentration was expressed relative to the hemoglobin tetramer (Hb4) concentration as the 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. Physiologically, an increase in 2,3-BPG levels would be expected to counteract the hypoxia that is frequently observed in this process. Nevertheless, the results show a 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio decreased. This is due to the procedure itself: mechanical stress on the erythrocytes is believed to cause the 2,3-BPG escape, which is then removed by hemodialysis. The concentrations of calcium, phosphate, creatinine, urea and albumin did not correlate significantly with the total change in 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. However, the ratio sampled just before dialysis correlated significantly and positively with the total weekly dosage of erythropoietin (main hormone in erythrocyte formation) given to the patients.[4]
References
- ^ Benesch, R.; Benesch, R.E. (1967). "The effect of organic phosphates from the human erythrocyte on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin.". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 26 (2): 162–7. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(67)90228-8. PMID 6030262.
- ^ Müller-Esterl, W. (2008). "Biochemistry: Fundamentals Of Medicine And The Science Of Life.". Editorial Reverté: 660.
- ^ González-Cinca, N; Pérez de la Ossa, P; Carreras, J; Climent, F (2004). "Effects of thyroid hormone and hypoxia on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, bisphosphoglycerate synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase in rabbit erythroblasts and reticulocytes in vivo".
- ^ Nielsen AL; Andersen EM; Jørgensen LG; Jensen HA. (1998). ""Oxygen and 2,3 biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) during haemodialysis".".
- Berg, J.M., Tymockzko, J.L. and Stryer L. Biochemistry. (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co, New York, 1995. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.
- -684392408 at GPnotebook
- Online medical dictionary
- Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M.; Lehninger, Albert L. Principles of Biochemistry. (4th ed.). W.H. Freeman, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.
- Müller-Esterl,W. Biochemistry: Fundamentals of Medicine and the Science of Life. (2nd ed.). Reverté, 2008. ISBN 978-84-291-7393-2.
- Rodak. Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications (2nd ed.). Elsevier Science, Philadelphia, 2003. ISBN 950-06-1876-1.
- González-Cinca N, Pérez de la Ossa P, Carreras J, Climent F. "Effects of thyroid hormone and hypoxia on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, bisphosphoglycerate synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase in rabbit erythroblasts and reticulocytes in vivo". Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciéncies Fisiològiques I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 2004.
- Nielsen AL, Andersen EM, Jørgensen LG, Jensen HA. "Oxygen and 2,3 biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) during haemodialysis". Department of Nephrology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark, 1998.
- "Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (cuaderno cuarto)". ISSN: 0034-0634
External links
- A live model of the effect of changing 2,3 BPG on the oxyhaemoglobin saturation curve
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Respiratory physiology
|
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| Lung volumes |
- VC
- FRC
- Vt
- dead space
- CC
- PEF
- calculations
- respiratory minute volume
- FEV1/FVC ratio
- methods of lung testing
- spirometry
- body plethysmography
- peak flow meter
- nitrogen washout
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| Airways/ventilation (V) |
- positive pressure ventilation
- breath (inhalation
- exhalation)
- respiratory rate
- respirometer
- pulmonary surfactant
- compliance
- elastic recoil
- hysteresivity
- airway resistance
- bronchial hyperresponsiveness
- bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation
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| Blood/perfusion (Q) |
- pulmonary circulation
- hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- pulmonary shunt
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Interactions/
ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) |
- ventilation/perfusion scan
- zones of the lung
- gas exchange
- pulmonary gas pressures
- alveolar gas equation
- alveolar–arterial gradient
- hemoglobin
- oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
- 2,3-BPG
- Bohr effect
- Haldane effect)
- carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
- oxyhemoglobin
- respiratory quotient
- arterial blood gas
- diffusion capacity (DLCO)
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| Control of respiration |
- pons
- pneumotaxic center
- apneustic center
- medulla
- dorsal respiratory group
- ventral respiratory group
- chemoreceptors
- pulmonary stretch receptors
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| Insufficiency |
- high altitude
- oxygen toxicity
- hypoxia
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Index of the respiratory system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Chest trauma
- Infection
- common cold
- pneumonia
- tuberculosis
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- nasal
- throat
- obstructive airway diseases
- cough and cold
- histaminergics
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- other
- Surgery
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