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1. 尿路上皮（移行上皮）膀胱癌の疫学および危険因子epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder [show details]
… Occupational exposure to various chemical carcinogens is estimated to contribute approximately 20 percent of the bladder cancer burden. Genetic effects may play a direct role in the initiation and progression …
2. 黒色腫の一次予防primary prevention of melanoma [show details]
…factors for melanoma are discussed separately. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known carcinogen . Although a direct causal relationship between UV radiation and melanoma has not been demonstrated in humans …
3. 膀胱癌のスクリーニングscreening for bladder cancer [show details]
…extent of direct exposure to cigarette smoke or to industrial chemicals. For example, people in high-risk occupations include aluminum workers, those who work directly with vats of chemical carcinogens such …
4. 受動喫煙曝露：小児における影響secondhand smoke exposure effects in children [show details]
… or in the exposed subject with biomarkers including cotinine, nicotine, and tobacco-specific carcinogens . Cotinine is a primary metabolite of nicotine and is specific for exposure to tobacco smoke . … to increased nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal colonization with respiratory pathogens , and not a direct response of the lung to the toxic components of SHS. Effects of exposure in utero on the airways …
5. 喫煙と肺癌の発症につながるその他の危険因子cigarette smoking and other possible risk factors for lung cancer [show details]
…tobacco smoke can begin earlier in life than it does with active smoking, and the exposure to carcinogens occurs over a longer period of time. There is a dose-response relationship between intensity of …