virilization

男性化

WordNet

1. the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction) (同)masculinisation, virilization, virilisation
2. the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female (or prematurely in a young boy)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/23 02:59:55」(JST)

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In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. Virilization is most commonly used in three medical and biology of gender contexts: prenatal sexual differentiation, the postnatal changes of normal male puberty, and excessive androgen effects in girls or women.

Prenatal virilization

In the prenatal period, virilization refers to closure of the perineum, thinning and rugation of the scrotum, growth of the phallus, and closure of the urethral groove to the tip of the penis. In this context masculinization is synonymous with virilization.

Prenatal virilization of genetic females and undervirilization of genetic males are common causes of ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions.

High

Prenatal virilization (or masculinization) of a genetically female fetus can occur when an excessive amount of androgen is produced by the fetal adrenal glands or is present in maternal blood. In the severest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete masculinization of a genetically female fetus results in an apparently normal baby boy with no palpable testes. More often, the virilization is partial and the genitalia are ambiguous.

It can also be associated with progestin-induced virilisation.

Low

Undervirilization can occur if a genetic male cannot produce enough androgen or the body tissues cannot respond to it. Extreme undervirilization occurs when no significant androgen can be produced or the body is completely insensitive to it, and results in a female body. Partial undervirilization produces ambiguous genitalia part-way between male and female. The mildest degree of undervirilization may be a slightly small penis with hypospadias. Examples of undervirilization are androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5 alpha reductase deficiency, and some forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Normal virilization

In common as well as medical usage, virilization often refers to the process of normal male puberty, in which testosterone changes a boy's body into a man's. These effects include growth of the penis and testes, accelerated growth, development of pubic hair, and other androgenic hair of face, torso, and limbs, deepening of the voice, increased musculature, thickening of the jaw, prominence of the neck cartilage, and broadening of the shoulders.

Abnormal childhood virilization

Virilization can occur in childhood in either boys or girls due to excessive amounts of androgens. Typical effects of virilization in children are pubic hair, accelerated growth and bone maturation, increased muscle strength, acne, and adult body odor. In a boy, virilization may signal precocious puberty, while congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen producing tumors (usually) of the gonads or adrenals are occasional causes in both sexes.

Virilization in adolescent or adult women

Virilization in a woman can manifest as clitoral enlargement, increased muscle strength, acne, hirsutism, frontal hair thinning, deepening of the voice, and menstrual disruption due to anovulation. Some of the possible causes of virilization in women are:

• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Androgen-producing tumors of the
  • ovaries
  • adrenal glands (see adrenal tumor)
  • pituitary gland (see pituitary adenoma)
• Hypothyroidism
• Anabolic steroid exposure
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (late-onset)
• Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)
• Conn's Syndrome

See also

• Sexual differentiation
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Ambiguous genitalia
• Androgen
• Clitoromegaly
• Hirsutism

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 副腎アンドロゲン過剰症 adrenal hyperandrogenism
• 2. 思春期における多嚢胞性卵巣症候群の診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
• 3. 男性型多毛症を有する閉経期女性の評価 evaluation of premenopausal women with hirsutism
• 4. 妊娠時のアンドロゲン過剰症の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of gestational hyperandrogenism
• 5. アンドロゲン過剰症および男性型多毛症治療におけるエストロゲン・プロゲスチン混合避妊剤の使用 use of combination estrogen progestin contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenism and hirsutism

English Journal

• An Unusual Cause of Cushing's Syndrome and Virilization.

• Liu W1, Chen W1, He X1.
• Gastroenterology.Gastroenterology.2015 Aug 21. pii: S0016-5085(15)00239-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.020. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 26302184

• Human 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase deficiency seems to affect fertility but may not harbor a tumor risk: lesson from an experiment of nature.

• Burckhardt MA1, Udhane S2, Marti N3, Schnyder I4, Tapia C5, Nielsen JE6, Mullis PE7, Rajpert-De Meyts E8, Flueck C9.
• European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies.Eur J Endocrinol.2015 Aug 19. pii: EJE-15-0599. [Epub ahead of print]
• CONTEXT: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3βHSD) is a rare disorder of sexual development and steroidogenesis. There are two isozymes of 3βHSD, HSD3B1 and HSD3B2. Human mutations are known for the HSD3B2 gene which is expressed in the gonads and the adrenals. Little is known about test
• PMID 26290012

• A case of postmenopausal androgen excess.

• Lambrinoudaki I1, Dafnios N, Kondi-Pafiti A, Triantafyllou N, Karopoulou E, Papageorgiou A, Augoulea A, Armeni E, Creatsa M, Vlahos N.
• Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.Gynecol Endocrinol.2015 Aug 19:1-5. [Epub ahead of print]
• Ovarian steroid cell tumors are very rare but potentially life-threatening neoplasms. They represent less than 0.1% of all ovarian tumors, typically present in premenopausal women and frequently manifest with virilization. Signs of hyperandrogenism may appear in postmenopausal women due to tumorοus
• PMID 26287476

Japanese Journal

• 小児副腎皮質癌の1例

• 矢野 道弘,高橋 郁子,小松 真紀 [他],安達 裕行,蛇口 美和,高橋 勉
• 秋田医学 39(3-4), 139-143, 2013-03
• … Since the development of adrenocortical carcinoma in children commonly involves hormonal functional tumors, it is essential to assess informative symptoms, such as virilization and Cushing syndrome. … We herein report a case of adrenocortical carcinoma with multiple lung metastases in a 2-year-old male with an approximately one year history of virilization and Cushing syndrome. …
• NAID 110009575428

• 症例報告 著明な男性化徴候を来した卵巣間質過形成の1例

• 松浦 拓人,大塚 伊佐夫,田中 亜由子 [他]
• 千葉県産科婦人科医学会雑誌 = Chiba journal of obstetrics and gynecology 7(1), 10-15, 2013
• NAID 40019776577

• 先天性副腎皮質過形成（21-水酸化酵素欠損症　塩類喪失型）の妊娠分娩の1症例

• 佐藤 紀子,塩路 光徳,久保田 哲 [他],山下 美智子,高橋 良子,藤谷 真弓,蒲池 圭一,辻江 智子,徳平 厚
• 産婦人科の進歩 64(1), 49-53, 2012
• 先天性副腎皮質過形成（congenital adrenal hyperplasia; CAH）は，先天性酵素欠損により副腎皮質の過形成，男性化徴候，性腺機能障害などを引き起こす常染色体劣性遺伝疾患である．CAHのなかで最も多い21-水酸化酵素欠損症は，幼児期から男性化徴候を示す単純男性化型と出生直後より低ナトリウム血症，高カリウム血症などの電解質異常をきたす塩類喪失型の2種類に大別される．21-水 …
• NAID 130001890091

Related Links

• Virilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. Virilization is most ...

• Virilization: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

21 Mar 2012 ... Virilization. To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Virilization is when a female develops male sex characteristics, or a newborn boy has increased male characteristics at birth.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「男性化」「virilism」「virilize」「masculinization」「androgenicity」
拡張検索	「undervirilization」

「男性化」

　　[★]

英

virilization、masculinization、androgenization、androgenicity

同

ビリリズム virilism

関

多毛症、男性化症

• 先天性副腎皮質過形成症
• ステロイド細胞腫瘍
• アンドロゲン産生腫瘍
• 多嚢胞性卵巣症候群

「virilism」

　　[★]

• n.

• 男性化、男性化症、多毛症

関

androgenicity、androgenization、hirsutism、hypertrichosis、masculinization、virilization、virilize

　

「virilize」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 男性化させる

関

androgenicity, androgenization, masculinization, virilism, virilization

「masculinization」

　　[★]

• n.

• 男性化

関

androgenicity、androgenization、virilism、virilization、virilize

　

「androgenicity」

　　[★]

• n.

• 男性化

関

androgenization、masculinization、virilism、virilization、virilize

「undervirilization」

　　[★]

関

virilization

• undervirilization is a medical term describing the state of a male whose body, especially the genitalia, shows evidence of below-normal prenatal (less commonly pubertal) androgen effects.