関: seminal vesicle

WordNet

any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter
of or relating to or involving vesicles; "normal vesicular breathing"

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(生物体内の)腺(せん)
小嚢の小胞の,小嚢(小胞)状の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/17 10:11:10」(JST)

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The seminal vesicles (Latin: glandulae vesiculosae), vesicular glands,^[1] or seminal glands, are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of some male mammals. Seminal vesicles are located within the pelvis.

Structure

The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands that are positioned below the urinary bladder and lateral to the vas deferens. Each vesicle consists of a single tube folded and coiled on itself, with occasional diverticula in its wall.^[2]

The excretory duct of each seminal gland unites with the corresponding vas deferens to form the two ejaculatory ducts, which immediately pass through the substance of the prostate gland before opening separately into the verumontanum of the prostatic urethra.^[2]^[3]

Each seminal vesicle spans approximately 5 cm, though its full unfolded length is approximately 10 cm, but it is curled up inside the gland's structure.

Development

Each vesicle forms as an outpocketing of the wall of the ampulla of one vas deferens. The seminal vesicles develop as one of three structures of the male reproductive system that develops at the junction between the urethra and vas deferens. Both the urethra and vas deferens are derived from the mesonephric ducts, structures that develop from mesoderm.^[4]

Histology

Under microscopy, the seminal vesicles can be seen to have a mucosa, consisting of a lining of interspersed columnar cells and a lamina propria; and a thick muscular wall. The lumen of the glands is highly irregular and stores secretions from the glands of the vesicles. In detail:^[5]

The epithelia is pseudostratified columnar in character, similar to other tissues in the male reproductive system.

The height of these columnar cells, and therefore activity, is dependent upon testosterone levels in the blood.^{[citation needed]}

The lamina propria, containing underlying small blood vessels and lymphatics. Together with the epithelia, this is called the mucosa, and is arranged into convoluted folds, increasing the overall surface area
A muscular layer, consisting of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, can also be found.

Spermatozoa may occasionally be found within the lumen of the glands, even though the vesicles are blind-ended in nature. This is thought to be because of slight reflux due to muscular contractions of the urethera during ejaculation.^[5]

Low magnification micrograph of seminal vesicle. H&E stain.
High magnification micrograph of seminal vesicle. H&E stain.

Function

The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 70-85%^[6] of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid. The excretory duct of each seminal gland opens into the corresponding vas deferens as it enters the prostate gland. Seminal vesicle fluid is alkaline, resulting in human semen having a mildly alkaline pH.^[7] The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract^{[citation needed]}, prolonging the lifespan of sperm. Acidic ejaculate (pH <7.2) may be associated with ejaculatory duct obstruction. The vesicle produces a substance that causes the semen to become sticky and jelly-like after ejaculation.

The thick secretions from the seminal vesicles contain proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C, flavins, phosphorylcholine and prostaglandins. The high fructose concentrations provide nutrient energy for the spermatozoa when stored in semen in the laboratory.

In vitro studies have shown that sperm expelled together with seminal vesicular fluid show poor motility and survival, and the sperm chromatin is less protected. Therefore the exact physiological importance of seminal vesicular fluid is not clear.^{[citation needed]}

Additional images

Human male reproductive system.
Seminal vesicles
Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciae. Viewed from behind.
Male pelvic organs seen from right side.
Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculae seminales.
Vesiculae seminales and ampullae of ductus deferentes, seen from the front.
Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
Cross section of seminal vesicle through a microscope.

Clinical significance

Physical examination of the seminal vesicles is difficult. Laboratory examination of seminal vesicle fluid requires a semen sample, e.g. for semen culture or semen analysis. Fructose levels provide a measure of seminal vesicle function and, if absent, bilateral agenesis or obstruction is suspected.^[8]

Disorders of the seminal vesicles include seminal vesiculitis, acquired cysts, abscess, congenital anomalies (such as agenesis, hypoplasia and cysts), amyloidosis, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, hydatid cyst, calculi and tumours.^[8]^[9]

Inflammation

Seminal vesiculitis (also known as spermatocystitis) is an inflammation of the seminal vesicles, most often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms of seminal vesiculitis can include vague back or lower abdominal pain; penile, scrotal, or perineal pain; painful ejaculation; hematospermia; irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms; and impotence.^[10]

It is usually treated by administration of antibiotics. In intractable cases, in case of patient discomfort, transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy may be considered.^[11]^[12]

References

^ Rowen D. Frandson; W. Lee Wilke; Anna Dee Fails (2009). "Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System". Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals (7th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 409. ISBN 0-8138-1394-8. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
^ ^a ^b Michael H. Ross; Wojciech Pawlina (2010). "Male Reproductive System". Histology: A Text and Atlas, with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (6th ed.). p. 828. ISBN 978-0781772006.
^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Adam, W.M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's Anatomy for Students. illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 407–409. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ Gary C. Schoenwolf, Steven B. Bleyl, Philip R. Brauer, Philippa H. Francis-West (November 2014). "Chapter 16: Development of the Reproductive System". Larsen's Human Embryology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 9781455706846.
^ ^a ^b Barbara Young, James S. Lowe, Alan Stevens, John W. Heath, Philip J. Deakin (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas. drawings by Philip J. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8.
^ Kierszenbaum, Abraham L.; Tres, Laura (2011). "Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation". Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology (3rd ed.). St. Louis [u.a.]: Mosby. p. 624. ISBN 978-0323078429.
^ Charles Huggins, William W. Scott, J. Henry Heinen (1 May 1942). "Chemical composition of human semen and of the secretions of the prostate and seminal vesicles". American Journal of Physiology (American Physiological Society) 136 (3): 467–473. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
^ ^a ^b El-Hakim, Assaad (13 November 2006). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of the Ejaculatory Ducts and Seminal Vesicles". In Smith, Arthur D. Smith's Textbook of Endourology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 759–766. ISBN 978-1550093650.
^ "Seminal vesicle diseases". Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
^ Zeitlin, S. I.; Bennett, C. J. (1 November 1999). "Chapter 25: Seminal vesiculitis". In Curtis Nickel, J. Textbook of Prostatitis. CRC Press. pp. 219–225. ISBN 9781901865042.
^ La Vignera S (October 2011). "Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters". International Journal of Andrology 42 (34): e330–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01200.x. PMID 21696400.
^ Bianjiang Liu, Jie Li, Pengchao Li, Jiexiu Zhang, Ninghong Song, Zengjun Wang, Changjun Yin (February 2014). "Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of intractable seminal vesiculitis". The Journal of International Medical Research 42 (1): 236–42. doi:10.1177/0300060513509472. PMID 24391141.

External links

Histology image: 17501loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Male Reproductive System: prostate, seminal vesicle"
Anatomy photo:44:04-0202 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"
Anatomy photo:44:08-0103 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Male Pelvis: Structures Located Posterior to the Urinary Bladder"

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Critical appraisal of the anatomic landmarks for a complete intrafascial approach.

Asimakopoulos AD1,2, Miano R3, Galfano A4, Bocciardi AM4, Vespasiani G3, Spera E1, Gaston R2.
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.).Clin Anat.2015 Oct;28(7):896-902. doi: 10.1002/ca.22576. Epub 2015 Jul 21.
To provide an overview of the anatomical landmarks needed to guide a retropubic (Retzius)-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), and a step-by-step description of the surgical technique that maximizes preservation of the periprostatic neural network. The anatomy of the pelvic foss
PMID 26194970

Acquired premature ejaculation and male accessory gland infection : relevance of ultrasound examination.

La Vignera S1, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, Favilla V, Morgia G, Calogero AE.
Asian journal of andrology.Asian J Androl.2015 Sep 18. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.155539. [Epub ahead of print]
We have previously demonstrated a high frequency of premature ejaculation (PE) among patients with male accessory gland infection (MAGI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasound (US) features of patients with MAGI and acquired premature ejaculation (APE) associated (MAGI-APEpos). US eva
PMID 26387584

Dopamine, vesicular transporters, and dopamine receptor expression in rat major salivary glands.

Tomassoni D1, Traini E2, Mancini M3, Bramanti V4, Mahdi SS3, Amenta F5.
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2015 Sep;309(5):R585-93. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00455.2014. Epub 2015 Jul 1.
The localization of dopamine stores and the expression and localization of dopamine (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) type-1 and -2 and of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor subtypes were investigated in rat submandibular, sublingual, and parotid salivary glands by HPLC with elect
PMID 26136535

Japanese Journal

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Expression in the Rat Pineal Gland: Detailed Analysis of Expression Pattern and Regulatory Mechanism

YOSHIDA Sachine,HISANO Setsuji
Kansei Engineering International Journal 11, 133-137, 2012
… Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, is closely related physiologically to circadian rhythm, sleep and reproduction, and also psychiatrically to mood disorders in humans. … Under circadian control, melatonin secretion is modulated via nocturnal autonomic (adrenergic) stimulation to the gland, which expresses vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 1, VGLUT2 and a VGLUT1 splice variant (VGLUT1v), glutamatergic markers. …
NAID 130002148649

Evidence for Almost Complete Sex-reversal in Bovine Freemartin Gonads: Formation of Seminiferous Tubule-like Structures and Transdifferentiation into Typical Testicular Cell Types

HARIKAE Kyoko,TSUNEKAWA Naoki,HIRAMATSU Ryuji [他],TODA Syohei,KUROHMARU Masamichi,KANAI Yoshiakira
Journal of Reproduction and Development 58(6), 654-660, 2012
… Gross anatomical analysis of this calf revealed the presence of a pair of small testis-like gonads with rudimentary epididymides, in addition to highly masculinized genitalia including a pampiniform plexus, scrotum and vesicular gland. …
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Pathological Features of Salivary Gland Cysts in a Shiba Dog with GM1 Gangliosidosis: A Possible Misdiagnosis as Malignancy

RAHMAN Mohammad Mahbubur,KAWAGUCHI Hiroaki,MIYOSHI Noriaki [他],YABUKI Akira,NAKAMOTO Yuya,OZAWA Tsuyoshi,YAMATO Osamu
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(4), 485-489, 2012
… Salivary gland cysts are often concurrent with GM1 gangliosidosis in Shiba dogs. … The present study investigated the cytological, histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic characteristics of salivary gland cysts in a Shiba dog affected with GM1 gangliosidosis. … The salivary gland masses were surgically enucleated and examined clinicopathologically and pathologically in a 7-month-old Shiba dog with GM1 gangliosidosis. …
NAID 130001410037

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「vesicular」

「vesicular」

Seminal vesicle
	Human Male Anatomy
	Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
Details
Latin	Vesiculae seminales
Precursor	Wolffian duct
Artery	Inferior vesical artery, middle rectal artery
Lymph	External iliac lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1246
MeSH	A05.360.444.713
FMA	19386
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

adj.

小胞の

関: vesicle

[Wilke-1] Rowen D. Frandson; W. Lee Wilke; Anna Dee Fails (2009). "Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System". Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals (7th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 409. ISBN 0-8138-1394-8. Retrieved 2015-07-28.

[HistologyText-2] Michael H. Ross; Wojciech Pawlina (2010). "Male Reproductive System". Histology: A Text and Atlas, with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (6th ed.). p. 828. ISBN 978-0781772006.

[GRAYS2005-3] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Adam, W.M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's Anatomy for Students. illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 407–409. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.

[4] Gary C. Schoenwolf, Steven B. Bleyl, Philip R. Brauer, Philippa H. Francis-West (November 2014). "Chapter 16: Development of the Reproductive System". Larsen's Human Embryology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 9781455706846.

[WHEATERS-5] Barbara Young, James S. Lowe, Alan Stevens, John W. Heath, Philip J. Deakin (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas. drawings by Philip J. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8.

[kierszenbaum558-6] Kierszenbaum, Abraham L.; Tres, Laura (2011). "Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation". Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology (3rd ed.). St. Louis [u.a.]: Mosby. p. 624. ISBN 978-0323078429.

[7] Charles Huggins, William W. Scott, J. Henry Heinen (1 May 1942). "Chemical composition of human semen and of the secretions of the prostate and seminal vesicles". American Journal of Physiology (American Physiological Society) 136 (3): 467–473. Retrieved 2015-07-28.

[smiths-8] El-Hakim, Assaad (13 November 2006). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of the Ejaculatory Ducts and Seminal Vesicles". In Smith, Arthur D. Smith's Textbook of Endourology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 759–766. ISBN 978-1550093650.

[causes-9] "Seminal vesicle diseases". Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

[10] Zeitlin, S. I.; Bennett, C. J. (1 November 1999). "Chapter 25: Seminal vesiculitis". In Curtis Nickel, J. Textbook of Prostatitis. CRC Press. pp. 219–225. ISBN 9781901865042.

[pmid21696400-11] La Vignera S (October 2011). "Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters". International Journal of Andrology 42 (34): e330–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01200.x. PMID 21696400.

[pmid24391141-12] Bianjiang Liu, Jie Li, Pengchao Li, Jiexiu Zhang, Ninghong Song, Zengjun Wang, Changjun Yin (February 2014). "Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of intractable seminal vesiculitis". The Journal of International Medical Research 42 (1): 236–42. doi:10.1177/0300060513509472. PMID 24391141.

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案内

vesicular gland