関: ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei、ventromedial hypothalamus、ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus、VMH

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
of or relating to the hypothalamus

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中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/07 02:57:10」(JST)

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The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN, also sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. "The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in feeding, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity."^[1] This nuclear region is involved with the recognition of the feeling of fullness.

Structure

It has four subdivisions:

anterior (VMHa)
dorsomedial (VMHdm)
ventrolateral (VMHvl)
central (VMHc).

These subdivisions differ anatomically, neurochemically, and behaviorally.

Function

The ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is most commonly associated with satiety. Early studies showed that VMN lesions caused over-eating and obesity in rats. However, the interpretation of these experiments was summarily discredited when Gold's research demonstrated that precision lesioning of the VMN did not result in hyperphagia.^[2] Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown that the immediacy of hyperphagia and obesity syndrome are a consequence of VMN lesions or procaine injections, and point to the VMN's role in satiety.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] A major review of the subject in 2006 concluded that, "anatomical studies done both before and after Gold's study did not replicate his results with lesions, and in nearly every published direct comparison of VMH lesions vs. PVN or VNAB lesions, the group with VMH lesions ate substantially more food and gained twice as much weight."^[10] This strongly substantiates the classification of VMN as the primary satiety center in the hypothalamus.

It has also been found that lesions to the VMH in rats caused increased plasma insulin levels. Rats with a VMH lesion compared to normal rats overproduce a circulating satiety factor, to which the control rats can respond and rats with a VMH lesion cannot respond. A lesion to the VMH makes rats overproduce leptin, which they cannot respond to causing them to over eat, leading to obesity.^[11]

Two researchers, Heterington and Ranson, looked at series of twenty-one animals of various degrees of adiposity, with respect to growth appearance, fat distribution, general physical condition, and the correlation between the level of adiposity attained and the correlation of the hypothalamic lesion. Lesions in the hypothalamic area, particularly the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus interrupts a large number of the descending fibers from the hypothalamic cell groups that were found to contribute to obesity in rats.^[12]

Taylor and Jamshi found that there seems to be a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptor mRNA within the VMH in comparison to other nuclei within the hypothalamus. The cannabinoid ingestion has been linked to rewarding processes, and also with the release of dopamine in the brain.^[13]

VMH is also important in mammal play behaviour. Lesions to VMH along with the hippocampus, amygdala, the cerebellum, and the lateral hypothalamus are all linked to reduced play ^[14]

The VMHdm has a role in the male vocalizations and scent marking behaviors.^[15]^[16]^[17]

The VMHvl plays a role in sexual behaviors in females (lordosis), thus stimulating their sexual arousal.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Bilateral FOS expression in the VMH after repeated seizures is associated with alteration in the severity of flurothyl induced seizures in C57BL/6J mice that are not present in DBA/2J mice.^[22]

References

^ Kurrasch, D., & Cheung, C. (2007). The neonatal ventromedial hypothalamus transcriptome reveals novel markers with spatially distinct patterning" The Journal of Neuroscience 27(50), Retrieved from http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/50/13624.full.pdf
^ Gold, R.M. (1973). "Hypothalamic Obesity: The myth of the ventromedial nucleus". Science 182: 488–490. doi:10.1126/science.182.4111.488.
^ Balagura, S.; Devenport, L.D. (1970). "Feeding patterns of normal and ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned male and female rats". J. Comp Physiol Psychol 71: 357–364. doi:10.1037/h0029118.
^ Becker, E.E.; Kissileff, H.R. (1974). "Inhibitory controls of feeding by the ventromedial hypothalamus". Am J Physiol 226: 383–396.
^ Berthoud, H.R.; Jeanrenaud, B. (1979). "Changes in insulinemia, glycemia and feeding behavior induced by VMH-procainization in the rat". Brain Res 174: 184–187. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90816-3.
^ Brooks, C.M.; Lockwood, R.A.; Wiggins, M.L. (1946). "A study of the effects of hypothalamic lesions on the eating habits of the albino rat". Am J Physiol 147: 735–741.
^ Epstein, A.N. (1960). "Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections". Am J Physiol 199: 969–974.
^ Larkin, R.P. (1975). "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in the rat". J Comp Physiol Psychol 89: 1100–1108. doi:10.1037/h0077192.
^ Maes, H. (1980). "Time course of feeding induced by pentobarbital-injections into the rat's VMH". Physiol Behav 24: 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90055-4.
^ King, Bruce M. (February 2006). "The rise, fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight". J Physiol Behav 87 (2): 221–244. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007.
^ {{ SATOH, N., & OGAWA, Y. (1997). Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh)- lesioned rats: Evidence for loss of its satiety effect in vmh-lesioned rats*. Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 138(3), 847-150. Retrieved from http://endo.endojournals.org/content/138/3/947.full.pdf html}}
^ {{ Hetherinton , A., & Ranson, S. (n.d.). The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat. Institute of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, 477-481. Retrieved from https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/74844947/rathypothalamus.pdf }}
^ Jamshidi, N; Taylor, DA (2001). "Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats". Br. J. Pharmacol. 134: 1151–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379. PMC 1573067. PMID 11704633.
^ "The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives". Neuroscience 8: 465–492. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8.
^ Yahr and Green, 1992
^ Flanagan-Cato et al. 2001
^ Harding and McGinnis, 2005
^ Kow and Pfaff, 1998
^ Christensen et al., 1977
^ Pfaff and Sakuma, 1979
^ Matsumoto and Yamanouchi, 2000
^ Kadiyala et al.

Further References

Dugger, et al. (2007). Androgen receptors are required for full masculinization of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in rats.
Storlien, L.; Albert, D. (1972). "The effect of vmh lesions, lateral cuts and anterior cuts on food intake, activity level, food motivation, and reactivity to taste". Physiology & Behavior 9 (2): 191–192. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(72)90234-x.
Carlson, N. (2010). Physiology of behavior. (10 ed., pp. 355–357). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

External links

Diagram of Ventromedial motor tract at lemoyne.edu
New Scientist: Seat of female libido revealed (June 26, 2006)

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English Journal

Leptin in the hindbrain facilitates phosphorylation of STAT3 in the hypothalamus.

Desai BN1, Harris RB2.
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2015 Mar 1;308(5):E351-61. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00501.2014. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
Leptin receptors (ObRs) in the forebrain and hindbrain have been independently recognized as important mediators of leptin responses. We recently used low-dose leptin infusions to show that chronic activation of both hypothalamic and hindbrain ObRs is required to reduce body fat. The objective of th
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Natural variation in paternal behavior is associated with central estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin levels.

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Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol.2015 Mar;201(3):285-93. doi: 10.1007/s00359-015-0979-6. Epub 2015 Feb 5.
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PMID 25652439

Japanese Journal

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Neuropharmacology 71, 164-173, 2013-08
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NAID 40019760331

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「VMH」「ventromedial hypothalamus」「ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei」「ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus」
関連記事	「hypothalamic」「hypothalami」「ventromedial」

「VMH」

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
	Ventromedial nucleus is 'VM', at center, in green.
Details
Part of	Hypothalamus
Artery	Basilar
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
MeSH	A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.953
NeuroNames	hier-381
NeuroLex ID	Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12584102
TA	A14.1.08.928
FMA	62332
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]