vegetation

• n.

• (医)(組織の)増殖。(医)疣腫、こぶ

　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. the process of growth in plants
2. inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life; "their holiday was spent in sleep and vegetation"
3. all the plant life in a particular region or period; "Pleistocene vegetation"; "the flora of southern California"; "the botany of China" (同)flora, botany
4. an abnormal growth or excrescence (especially a warty excrescence on the valves of the heart)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (ある地域の)植物 / 《集合的に》植物,草木

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/08 02:45:27」(JST)

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For the medical term, see Vegetation (pathology).

Further information: Vegetation type

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On these maps, vegetation is pictured as a scale, or index, of greenness. Greenness is based on several factors: the number and type of plants, how leafy they are, and how healthy they are. In places where foliage is dense and plants are growing quickly, the index is high, represented in dark green. Regions where few plants grow have a low vegetation index, shown in tan. The index is based on measurements taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite. Areas where the satellite did not collect data are gray.

Vegetation is assemblages of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.

The vegetation type is defined by characteristic dominant species, or a common aspect of the assemblage, such as an elevation range or environmental commonality. Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederic Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation. The expression continues to be used by the Bureau of Land Management.

Classification

  Tundra

  Taiga

  Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest

  Temperate grasslands

  Subtropical moist forest

Mediterranean   Monsoon forest   Desert   Xeric shrubland   Dry steppe   Semi-desert

Grass savanna   Tree savanna   Tropical and subtropical dry forest   Tropical rainforest   Alpine tundra   Montane forest

Much of the work on vegetation classification comes from European and North American ecologists, and they have fundamentally different approaches. In North America, vegetation types are based on a combination of the following criteria: climate pattern, plant habit, phenology and/or growth form, and dominant species. In the current US standard (adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), and originally developed by UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy), the classification is hierarchical and incorporates the non-floristic criteria into the upper (most general) five levels and limited floristic criteria only into the lower (most specific) two levels. In Europe, classification often relies much more heavily, sometimes entirely, on floristic (species) composition alone, without explicit reference to climate, phenology or growth forms. It often emphasizes indicator or diagnostic species which may distinguish one classification from another.

In the FGDC standard, the hierarchy levels, from most general to most specific, are: system, class, subclass, group, formation, alliance, and association. The lowest level, or association, is thus the most precisely defined, and incorporates the names of the dominant one to three (usually two) species of a type. An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be "Forest, canopy cover > 60%"; at the level of a formation as "Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest"; at the level of alliance as "Arbutus menziesii forest"; and at the level of association as "Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflora forest", referring to Pacific madrone-tanoak forests which occur in California and Oregon, USA. In practice, the levels of the alliance and/or association are the most often used, particularly in vegetation mapping, just as the Latin binomial is most often used in discussing particular species in taxonomy and in general communication.

Victoria in Australia classifies its vegetation by Ecological Vegetation Class.

Dynamics

Like all the biological systems, plant communities are temporally and spatially dynamic; they change at all possible scales. Dynamism in vegetation is defined primarily as changes in species composition and/or vegetation structure.

Temporal dynamics

Temporally, a large number of processes or events can cause change, but for sake of simplicity they can be categorized roughly as either abrupt or gradual. Abrupt changes are generally referred to as disturbances; these include things like wildfires, high winds, landslides, floods, avalanches and the like. Their causes are usually external (exogenous) to the community—they are natural processes occurring (mostly) independently of the natural processes of the community (such as germination, growth, death, etc.). Such events can change vegetation structure and composition very quickly and for long time periods, and they can do so over large areas. Very few ecosystems are without some type of disturbance as a regular and recurring part of the long term system dynamic. Fire and wind disturbances are particularly common throughout many vegetation types worldwide. Fire is particularly potent because of its ability to destroy not only living plants, but also the seeds, spores, and living meristems representing the potential next generation, and because of fire's impact on fauna populations, soil characteristics and other ecosystem elements and processes (for further discussion of this topic see fire ecology).

Temporal change at a slower pace is ubiquitous; it comprises the field of ecological succession. Succession is the relatively gradual change in structure and taxonomic composition that arises as the vegetation itself modifies various environmental variables over time, including light, water and nutrient levels. These modifications change the suite of species most adapted to grow, survive and reproduce in an area, causing floristic changes. These floristic changes contribute to structural changes that are inherent in plant growth even in the absence of species changes (especially where plants have a large maximum size, i.e. trees), causing slow and broadly predictable changes in the vegetation. Succession can be interrupted at any time by disturbance, setting the system either back to a previous state, or off on another trajectory altogether. Because of this, successional processes may or may not lead to some static, final state. Moreover, accurately predicting the characteristics of such a state, even if it does arise, is not always possible. In short, vegetative communities are subject to many variables that together set limits on the predictability of future conditions.

Spatial dynamics

As a general rule, the larger an area under consideration, the more likely the vegetation will be heterogeneous across it. Two main factors are at work. First, the temporal dynamics of disturbance and succession are increasingly unlikely to be in synchrony across any area as the size of that area increases. That is, different areas will be at different developmental stages due to different local histories, particularly their times since last major disturbance. This fact interacts with inherent environmental variability (e.g. in soils, climate, topography, etc.), which is also a function of area. Environmental variability constrains the suite of species that can occupy a given area, and the two factors together interact to create a mosaic of vegetation conditions across the landscape. Only in agricultural or horticultural systems does vegetation ever approach perfect uniformity. In natural systems, there is always heterogeneity, although its scale and intensity will vary widely. A natural grassland may be homogeneous when compared to the same area of partially burned forest.

See also

• Biocoenosis
• Biome
• British National Vegetation Classification
• Ecological succession
• Ecoregion
• Ecosystem
• Plant cover
• Tropical vegetation
• Vegetation and slope stability

References and further reading

• Archibold, O. W. Ecology of World Vegetation. New York: Springer Publishing, 1994.
• Barbour, M. G. and W. D. Billings (editors). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Barbour, M.G, J.H. Burk, and W.D. Pitts. "Terrestrial Plant Ecology". Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings, 1987.
• Breckle, S-W. Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002.
• Burrows, C. J. Processes of Vegetation Change. Oxford: Routledge Press, 1990.
• Feldmeyer-Christie, E., N. E. Zimmerman, and S. Ghosh. Modern Approaches In Vegetation Monitoring. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 2005.
• Gleason, H.A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 53:1-20.
• Grime, J.P. 1987. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley Interscience, New York NY.
• Kabat, P., et al. (editors). Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate: A New Perspective on an Interactive System. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag 2004.
• MacArthur, R.H. and E. O. Wilson. The theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1967
• Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. The Blackburn Press, 2003.
• Van Der Maarel, E. Vegetation Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2004.
• Vankat, J. L. The Natural Vegetation of North America. Krieger Publishing Co., 1992.

External links

Classification

• Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications (PDF)
• Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee
• Vegetation Classification Standard [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)
• Classifying Vegetation Condition: Vegetation Assets States and Transitions (VAST)

Mapping-related

• Interactive world vegetation map by Howstuffworks
• USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program
• Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps
• VEGETATION image processing and archiving centre at VITO
• Spot-VEGETATION programme web page

Climate diagrams

• Climate Diagrams Explained
• ClimateDiagrams.com Provides climate diagrams for more than 3000 weather stations and for different climate periods from all over the world. Users can also create their own diagrams with their own data.
• WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Comparison between remote sensing and a dynamic vegetation model for estimating terrestrial primary production of Africa.

• Ardö J1.
• Carbon balance and management.Carbon Balance Manag.2015 Mar 31;10:8. eCollection 2015.
• BACKGROUND: Africa is an important part of the global carbon cycle. It is also a continent facing potential problems due to increasing resource demand in combination with climate change-induced changes in resource supply. Quantifying the pools and fluxes constituting the terrestrial African carbon c
• PMID 25960765

• Projecting the spatiotemporal carbon dynamics of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem from 2006 to 2050.

• Huang S1, Liu S2, Liu J3, Dahal D4, Young C5, Davis B4, Sohl TL2, Hawbaker TJ6, Sleeter B3, Zhu Z7.
• Carbon balance and management.Carbon Balance Manag.2015 Mar 19;10:7. eCollection 2015.
• BACKGROUND: Climate change and the concurrent change in wildfire events and land use comprehensively affect carbon dynamics in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The purpose of this study was to project the spatial and temporal aspects of carbon storage in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE)
• PMID 25821513

• Airborne lidar-based estimates of tropical forest structure in complex terrain: opportunities and trade-offs for REDD+

• Leitold V1, Keller M2, Morton DC3, Cook BD3, Shimabukuro YE4.
• Carbon balance and management.Carbon Balance Manag.2015 Feb 3;10(1):3. eCollection 2015.
• BACKGROUND: Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical forests remain large sources of uncertainty in the global carbon budget. Airborne lidar remote sensing is a powerful tool for estimating aboveground biomass, provided that lidar measurements penetrate dense forest vegetation to generate accurate estim
• PMID 25685178

• Advancing reference emission levels in subnational and national REDD+ initiatives: a CLASlite approach.

• Reimer F1, Asner GP2, Joseph S3.
• Carbon balance and management.Carbon Balance Manag.2015 Feb 3;10(1):5. eCollection 2015.
• Conservation and monitoring of tropical forests requires accurate information on their extent and change dynamics. Cloud cover, sensor errors and technical barriers associated with satellite remote sensing data continue to prevent many national and sub-national REDD+ initiatives from developing thei
• PMID 25678933

Japanese Journal

• Quantifying the effects of clear-cutting and strip-cutting on nitrate dynamics in a forested watershed using triple oxygen isotopes as tracers

• Tsunogai U.,Komatsu D. D.,Ohyama T.,Suzuki A.,Nakagawa F.,Noguchi I.,Takagi K.,Nomura M.,Fukuzawa K.,Shibata H.
• Biogeosciences 11(19), 5411-5424, 2015-01-07
• … Temporal variations in the stable isotopic compositions of nitrate dissolved in stream water eluted from a cool-temperate forested watershed (8 ha) were measured to quantify the biogeochemical effects of clear-cutting of trees and subsequent strip-cutting of the understory vegetation, dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis), with special emphasis on changes in the fate of atmospheric nitrate that had been deposited onto the watershed based on Delta O-17 values of nitrate. …
• NAID 120005525221

• Climate change, cocoa migrations and deforestation in West Africa : What does the past tell us about the future?

• Ruf Francois,Schroth Gotz,Doffangui Kone
• Sustainability science : official journal of the Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science 10(1), 101-111, 2015-01
• NAID 40020340644

• エチオピア南西部の森林農耕民マジャンギルの植物利用と認知

• 佐藤 廉也
• Bulletin of the Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Global Society, Kyushu University 21(1-2), 1-28, 2014-12-25
• … I collected 38 domesticated plant species and 269 wild species found in their habitat and asked people about local names, classification, vegetation in which they are found and utility of wild species in front of specimens. … They regard 87.5% of wild species found in primary forest, 86.8% in long-fallow forest, and 76.6% in short-fallow vegetation as useful. …
• NAID 120005526481

• 開設された作業道における表面流の発生 : 現地踏査と植生調査の解析

• 野口 正二,金子 智紀,北田 正憲 [他]
• 日本森林学会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 96(6), 342-347, 2014-12-01
• NAID 40020337283

Related Links

• Vegetation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vegetation is a very general term for the plant life; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic ...

• VEGETATION

The VEGETATION programme is the fruit of a space collaboration between various European partners: Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden and the European Commission. In 1998, it was grafted onto the SPOT programme, founded by Belgium, ...

• 自然環境保全基礎調査 植生調査情報提供ホームページ

環境省自然環境保全基礎調査植生調査の1/25000植生図、1/50000植生図情報の 提供、GISデータとPDFのダウンロード.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「疣贅」「疣腫」

「疣贅」

　　[★]

日

ゆうぜい

英

wart, verrunca, vegetation

ラ

verrca, verruca

同

いぼ 疣

関

疣腫(日本循環器学会推奨)

warts & hypogammaglobulinemia infections and myelokathexis syndrome WHIM

皮膚

• HPVによる感染により生じる

循環器

• 感染性心内膜炎により病原体が心内膜に形成する小血栓。病原微生物が心内膜上(の血栓)に付着・増殖した後、フィブリン・線維性組織によって取り囲まれてできあがった硝子様の小血栓(YN.C-130)

「疣腫」

　　[★]

英

vegetation

関

疣贅

[show details]

疣腫 vegetation : 約 350 件
疣贅 vegetation : 約 2,550 件

• 日本循環器学会用語集では疣腫=vegetation