WordNet

infection of the vagina

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 07:06:38」(JST)

wiki en

Trichomoniasis is a common cause of vaginitis. It is a sexually transmitted infection, and is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis producing mechanical stress on host cells and then ingesting cell fragments after cell death.^[1] Trichomoniasis is primarily an infection of the urogenital tract; the most common site of infection is the urethra and the vagina in women.

Signs and symptoms

Most people infected with trichomonas vaginalis do not have any symptoms.^[2] Symptoms experienced include pain, burning or itching in the penis, urethra (urethritis), or vagina (vaginitis). Discomfort for both sexes may increase during intercourse and urination. For women there may also be a yellow-green, itchy, frothy, foul-smelling ("fishy" smell) vaginal discharge. In rare cases, lower abdominal pain can occur. Symptoms usually appear within 5 to 28 days of exposure.^[3]

Causes

Lifecycle of Trichomonas

The human genital tract is the only reservoir for this species. Trichomonas is transmitted through sexual or genital contact.^[4]

Genetic sequence

A draft sequence of the Trichomonas genome was published on January 12, 2007 in the journal Science confirming that the genome has at least 26,000 genes, a similar number to the human genome. An additional ~35,000 unconfirmed genes, including thousands that are part of potential transposable elements, brings the gene content to well over 60,000.^[5]

Diagnosis

There are three main ways to test for Trichomoniasis. The first is known as saline microscopy. This is the most commonly used method and requires an endocervical, vaginal, or penile swab specimen for examination under a microscope. The presence of one or multiple trichomonads constitutes a positive result. This method is cheap but has a low sensitivity (60-70%) often due to an inadequate sample, resulting in false negatives.^[6]^[7] The second diagnostic method is culture, (InPouch TV culture test, BioMed Diagnostics, San Jose, CA) which has historically been the “gold standard” in infectious disease diagnosis. Trichomonas Vaginalis culture tests are relatively cheap; however, sensitivity is still somewhat low (70-89%).^[8] The third method includes the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) which are more sensitive. These new NAATs include the APTIMA Trichomonas assay (Gen-Probe Inc, San Diego, CA) and the AFFIRM VPIII (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD).^[8] These tests are more costly than microscopy and culture, and are highly sensitive (80-90%).^[9]

Prevention

Use of male condoms may help prevent the spread of trichomoniasis,^[10] although careful studies have never been done that focus on how to prevent this infection. Infection with Trichomoniasis through water is unlikely because Trichomonas vaginalis dies in water after 45–60 minutes, in thermal water after 30 minutes to 3 hours and in diluted urine after 5–6 hours.^[11]

Currently there are no routine standard screening requirements for the general U.S. population receiving family planning or STI testing.^[12]^[13] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends Trichomoniasis testing for females with vaginal discharge^[14] and can be considered for females at higher risk for infection or of HIV-positive serostatus.^[12]

The advent of new, highly specific and sensitive trichomoniasis tests present opportunities for new screening protocols for both men and women.^[12]^[15] Careful planning, discussion, and research are required to determine the cost-efficiency and most beneficial use of these new tests for the diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis in the U.S., which can lead to better prevention efforts.^[12]^[15]

Treatment

Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients usually utilizes metronidazole (Flagyl),^[16] but with caution especially in early stages of pregnancy^[17] 2000 mg by mouth once. Sexual partners, even if asymptomatic, should be treated concurrently.^[11]

For 95-97% of cases, infection is resolved after one dose of metronidazole.^[14]^[18] Studies suggest that 4-5% of TV cases are resistant to metronidazole, which may account for some “repeat” cases.^[19]^[20] Without treatment, trichomoniasis can persist for months to years in women, and is thought to typically “resolve itself” in men.^[20]

Evidence from a single randomized controlled trial suggests that screening pregnant women who do not have symptoms for infection with trichomoniasis and treating women who test positive for the infection may decrease a woman's risk of preterm birth.^[21] Further studies are needed to verify this result and determine the best method of screening.

Complications

Research has shown a link between trichomoniasis and two serious sequelae. Data suggest that:

Trichomoniasis is associated with increased risk of transmission and infection of HIV.^[20]^[22]
Trichomoniasis may cause a woman to deliver a low-birth-weight or premature infant.^[20]
The role of trichomonas infection in causing cervical cancer is unclear, although trichomonas infection may be associated with co-infection with high-risk strains of HPV.^[23]
T. vaginalis infection in males has been found to cause asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis. In the prostate, it may create chronic inflammation that may eventually lead to prostate cancer.^[24]^[25]

Epidemiology

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most common non-viral STI in the world with an estimated 248 million new cases per year.^[26]^[27] It is more common in women (2.7%) than males (1.4%).^[28] It is also the most common non-viral STI in the U.S., with an estimated 3.7 million prevalent cases and 1.1 million new cases per year.^[29]^[30] Recent studies have posited prevalence to be 3% of the general U.S. population,^[9]^[31] and 7.5-32% of moderate-to-high risk (including incarcerated) populations.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^{[citation overkill]}

References

^ Midlej V., Benchimol M. (2010). "Trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats- evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect". Parasitology 137 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1017/S0031182009991041. PMID 19723359.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfact-trichomoniasis.htm
^ Trichomoniasis symptoms. cdc.gov
^ "Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet". Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ Scientists crack the genome of the parasite causing trichomoniasis. Physorg.com. Jan. 12, 2007.
^ Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1980;141(2):137–143.
^ Schwebke JR, Burgess D. Trichomoniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:794–803.
^ ^a ^b Nye MB, Schwebke JR, Body BA. Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;200(2):188e1–188e2.
^ ^a ^b Ginocchio C, Chapin K. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2601. doi:10.1128/JCM.00748-12.
^ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Reduce your risk, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Rob, Lukáš; Martan, Alois; Citterbart, Karel et al. (2008). Gynekologie (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galen. p. 136. ISBN 978-80-7262-501-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Munson E. Point: new trichs for “old” dogs: prospects for expansion of Trichomonas vaginalis screening. Clin Chem. 2014;60(1):151–4. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2013.210021.
^ Wendel KA, Workowski KA. Trichomoniasis: challenges to appropriate management. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 3:S123–S129. doi:10.1086/511425.
^ ^a ^b Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1–110.
^ ^a ^b Smith L V, Sorvillo F, Kuo T. Implications of Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1650. doi:10.1128/JCM.00188-13.
^ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Treatment for trichomoniasis, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
^ Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE (October 2004). "Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.
^ Niccolai LM, Kopicko JJ, Kassie A, Petros H, Clark RA, Kissinger P. Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27(5):284–288. doi:10.1097/00007435-200005000-00009.
^ Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE. Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Secor W, Meites E, Starr M, Workowski K. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):800–804. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0723.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25638713
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23605851
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386492
^ Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821.
^ Stark, Jennifer R.; Judson, Gregory; Alderete, John F.; Mundodi, Vasanthakrishna; Kucknoor, Ashwini S.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Platz, Elizabeth A.; Sutcliffe, Siobhan et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101 (20): 1406–11. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp306. PMC 2765259. PMID 19741211.
^ World Health Organization. Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: Methods and Results Used by WHO to Generate 2005 Estimates. 2011. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf.
^ World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections – 2008. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
^ Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMID 23245607.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, and TB. Division of STD Prevention. Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet. 2012.
^ Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(3):187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53.
^ Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, Mcquillan G, Berman S. The Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Reproductive-Age Women in the United. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1319–1626. doi:10.1086/522532.
^ Rogers SM, Turner CF, Hobbs M, et al. Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090548.
^ Javanbakht M, Stirland A, Stahlman S, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among High-Risk Women in Los Angeles. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(10):804–807. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000026.
^ Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Metcalf C, et al. Risk factors for prevalent and incident Trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(5):484–8. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644b9c.
^ Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Brown JL, Diclemente RJ, Rose ES. Correlates of incident Trichomonas vaginalis infections among African American female adolescents. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(4):240–5. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000094.
^ Muzny C, Rivers C, Austin EL, Schwebke JR. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an Alabama HIV Clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(6):514–8. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050889.
^ Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE. Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):3927–31. doi:10.1128/JCM.02078-12.
^ Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(3):165–168. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc.
^ Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD, et al. The Association Between Trichomonas Infection and Incarceration in HIV-Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38(12):1094–1100. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822ea147.

External links

Trichomoniasis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Vaginitis/Vaginal infection fact sheet from the National Institute of Allergies and Infections. The first version of this article was taken from this public domain resource.
eMedicine Health Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas columbae video
Can trichomoniasis be dormant?

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. トリコモナス trichomoniasis
2. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview
3. 急性子宮頚管炎 acute cervicitis
4. 成人男性における尿道炎 urethritis in adult men
5. 最新の診療アップデート practice changing updates

English Journal

Knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behaviours among malaysian male youths.

Awang H1, Wong LP2, Jani R3, Low WY2.Author information 1* Stamford College, Malaysia.2† Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia.3‡ Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Malaysia.AbstractSummary This study examines the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among male youths in Malaysia. A self-administered survey was carried out on a sample of 952 never-married males aged 15-24 years. The respondents were asked about their knowledge of STDs, how these diseases get transmitted and their sexual behaviours. The data showed that 92% of the respondents knew of at least one STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts, yeast infection, trichomoniasis or HIV/AIDS). About 95% of them knew of at least one method of STD transmission. Urban and tertiary-educated male youths showed a substantially higher proportion of awareness of STDs and transmission methods compared with their rural and less-educated counterparts. The data also indicated that 10% of the study sample admitted to having had sexual experiences. There were still a large proportion of the respondents who were not aware of STDs other than syphilis and HIV/AIDS and the means of transmission, such as multiple sex partners, including those who claimed to be sexually active. Thus there is a need for more concerted efforts to disseminate information on STDs and transmission methods to a wider audience in Malaysia, especially youths in rural areas.
Journal of biosocial science.J Biosoc Sci.2014 Mar;46(2):214-24. doi: 10.1017/S0021932013000114. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
Summary This study examines the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among male youths in Malaysia. A self-administered survey was carried out on a sample of 952 never-married males aged 15-24 years. The respondents were asked about their knowledge of STDs, how these diseases get transm
PMID 23480474

Point of care diagnostics for sexually transmitted infections: perspectives and advances.

Gaydos C, Hardick J.Author information Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.AbstractAccurate and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) tests are urgently needed to control sexually transmitted infection (STI) epidemics, so that patients can receive immediate diagnoses and treatment. Current POC assays for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae perform inadequately and require better assays. Diagnostics for Trichomonas vaginalis rely on wet preparation, with some notable advances. Serological POC assays for syphilis can impact resource-poor settings, with many assays available, but only one available in the U.S. HIV POC diagnostics demonstrate the best performance, with excellent assays available. There is a rapid assay for HSV lesion detection; but no POC serological assays are available. Despite the inadequacy of POC assays for treatable bacterial infections, application of technological advances offers the promise of advancing POC diagnostics for all STIs.
Expert review of anti-infective therapy.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.2014 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Accurate and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) tests are urgently needed to control sexually transmitted infection (STI) epidemics, so that patients can receive immediate diagnoses and treatment. Current POC assays for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae perform inadequately and require be
PMID 24484215

The antitrichomonal efficacy of garlic and metronidazole against Trichomonas gallinae infecting domestic pigeons.

Seddiek SA, El-Shorbagy MM, Khater HF, Ali AM.Author information Avian Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute Benha Branch, Benha, 13111, Egypt.AbstractTrichomonas gallinae is the causative agent of canker in pigeon. This work was carried out to investigate in the vitro and in vivo efficacy of aqueous water extract of garlic (AGE) on the growth of T. gallinae infecting pigeons compared to those of metronidazole (MTZ). MTZ and AGE were added, at different concentrations, to glucose-serum broth medium containing 1 × 104 trophozoites/ml. In the in vivo experiment, 48 squabs were grouped into four groups. The first group (gr. I) was not infected and not treated. Each squab of the other group was infected with 1 × 104 trophozoites. The second group (gr. II) was infected and not treated. On day 0, the third group (gr. III) was treated with MTZ (50 mg/kg BW) and the fourth group (gr. IV) was treated with AGE (200 mg/kg BW) for seven successive days in drinking water. In vitro study revealed that the MLC, 24, 48, and 72 h post treatment were 50, 25, and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, for MTZ and 75, 50, and 50 mg/ml, respectively, for AGE. Garlic (200 mg/kg BW) had the highest antitrichomonal effect and shortened course of treatment of pigeons from 7 days in gr. III to 5 days. Squabs in gr. II suffered from macrocytic hypochromic anemia, whereas squabs in grs. III and IV showed normal blood pictures. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were increased, whereas AST, ALT, and the total cholesterol were decreased in grs. III and IV when compared to those of gr. II. Pigeons protected with AGE showed increased body weight and reduced mortality percentage than the other groups. Our results indicated that garlic may be a promising phytotherapeutic agent for protection against trichomoniasis in pigeons.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2014 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print]
Trichomonas gallinae is the causative agent of canker in pigeon. This work was carried out to investigate in the vitro and in vivo efficacy of aqueous water extract of garlic (AGE) on the growth of T. gallinae infecting pigeons compared to those of metronidazole (MTZ). MTZ and AGE were added, at dif
PMID 24488107

Japanese Journal

栃木県内地域中核病院における寄生虫・衛生動物関連疾患症例の検討

島田瑞穂,小松本悟,桐木雅史,千種雄一,松岡裕之
自治医科大学紀要 34, 141-148, 2012-03-01
栃木県内の地域中核病院である足利赤十字病院において,寄生虫・衛生動物関連疾患の症例集積を行った。同院が移転開院した2011年7月以前の診療録を可能な限り過去に遡って検索し,最古1993年5月の診療録までを確認し,33例の寄生虫・衛生動物関連疾患を集積した。寄生虫症例として原虫症14例,蠕虫症13例を認めた。原虫症として,赤痢アメーバ症,ランブル鞭毛虫症,現在は真菌症に分類されるニューモシスチス肺炎 …
NAID 110008922668

上顎歯肉に発生した口腔トリコモナス症の一例 : とくに画像所見を対象として

山満,和光衛,佐野司,柿澤卓,松井隆,才藤純一
齒科學報 110(2), 141-146, 2010-04-30
NAID 10029356267

Vaginal Douching in Cambodian Women : Its Prevalence and Association With Vaginal Candidiasis

HENG Lon Say,YATSUYA Hiroshi,MORITA Satoshi,SAKAMOTO Junichi
Journal of epidemiology 20(1), 70-76, 2010-01-01
… Douching was significantly associated with vaginal candidiasis, but not with trichomoniasis or bacterial vaginosis, and this association persisted even after controlling for sociodemographic factors and genitourinary symptoms.<BR>Conclusions: Vaginal douching was very common among Cambodian women visiting MCH clinics. …
NAID 10026251450

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「トリコモナス症」「trichomonas infection」
拡張検索	「urogenital trichomoniasis」

「トリコモナス症」

Trichomoniasis
	Micrograph showing a positive result for trichomoniasis. A trichomonas organism is seen on the top-right of the image.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Gynecology
ICD-10	A59
ICD-9-CM	131,007.3
DiseasesDB	13334
MedlinePlus	001331
eMedicine	med/2308 emerg/613
MeSH	D014246

　　[★]

英: trichomoniasis
同: 性器トリコモナス症、トリコモナス腟炎 trichomonas vaginitis; (女性のトリコモナス症)膣トリコモナス症、腟トリコモナス症、vaginal trichomoniasis、trichomoniasis vaginalis
関: 原虫、トリコモナス属、腟トリコモナス Trichomonas vaginalis。トリコモナス感染、トリコモナス感染症

病原体

腟トリコモナス Trichomonas vaginalis

症状

女性：感染者のうち半数が無症状、半数が感染後数ヶ月の経過で症状が出現する。腟炎をきたして粘膜面は発赤・びらんを来たし、膿性～黄色の泡沫状帯下、掻痒感、灼熱感を呈する。月経時や妊娠時に腟内のpH上昇に伴い増悪する。
男性：ほとんどが無症状で、ときに尿道炎をきたす。

検査

腟スメアの鏡検にて原虫を確認

治療

メトロニダゾール

参考

1. 写真

http://s3.hubimg.com/u/1404382_f260.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Trichomonas_vaginalis_01.jpg/640px-Trichomonas_vaginalis_01.jpg

2.

http://free-sex-therapy.com/diseases/medical/STD/trichomoniasis.htm

3. [charged] 膣トリコモナス - uptodate [1]

「trichomonas infection」

　　[★]

トリコモナス感染症、トリコモナス感染、腟トリコモナス症、膣トリコモナス症

関: trichomoniasis

「urogenital trichomoniasis」

　　[★]

泌尿生殖器トリコモナス症

[1] Midlej V., Benchimol M. (2010). "Trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats- evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect". Parasitology 137 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1017/S0031182009991041. PMID 19723359.

[2] ttp://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfact-trichomoniasis.htm

[Trichomoniasis_symptoms-3] Trichomoniasis symptoms. cdc.gov

[4] "Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet". Retrieved 12 January 2011.

[5] Scientists crack the genome of the parasite causing trichomoniasis. Physorg.com. Jan. 12, 2007.

[6] Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1980;141(2):137–143.

[7] Schwebke JR, Burgess D. Trichomoniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:794–803.

[ReferenceA-8] Nye MB, Schwebke JR, Body BA. Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification to wet mount microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;200(2):188e1–188e2.

[Ginocchio_C_2601-9] Ginocchio C, Chapin K. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2601. doi:10.1128/JCM.00748-12.

[10] Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Reduce your risk, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.

[gynekologie-11] Rob, Lukáš; Martan, Alois; Citterbart, Karel et al. (2008). Gynekologie (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galen. p. 136. ISBN 978-80-7262-501-7.

[munson-12] Munson E. Point: new trichs for “old” dogs: prospects for expansion of Trichomonas vaginalis screening. Clin Chem. 2014;60(1):151–4. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2013.210021.

[wendel-13] Wendel KA, Workowski KA. Trichomoniasis: challenges to appropriate management. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 3:S123–S129. doi:10.1086/511425.

[Workowski_KA_2010-14] Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1–110.

[smith-15] Smith L V, Sorvillo F, Kuo T. Implications of Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1650. doi:10.1128/JCM.00188-13.

[16] Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Treatment for trichomoniasis, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.

[pmid15489348-17] Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE (October 2004). "Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.

[18] Niccolai LM, Kopicko JJ, Kassie A, Petros H, Clark RA, Kissinger P. Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27(5):284–288. doi:10.1097/00007435-200005000-00009.

[19] Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE. Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004.

[Secor-20] Secor W, Meites E, Starr M, Workowski K. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):800–804. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0723.

[21] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25638713

[22] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23605851

[23] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386492

[CainiGandini2014-24] Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821.

[pmid19741211-25] Stark, Jennifer R.; Judson, Gregory; Alderete, John F.; Mundodi, Vasanthakrishna; Kucknoor, Ashwini S.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Platz, Elizabeth A.; Sutcliffe, Siobhan et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101 (20): 1406–11. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp306. PMC 2765259. PMID 19741211.

[26] World Health Organization. Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: Methods and Results Used by WHO to Generate 2005 Estimates. 2011. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf.

[27] World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections – 2008. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.

[LancetEpi2012-28] Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMID 23245607.

[29] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, and TB. Division of STD Prevention. Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet. 2012.

[30] Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(3):187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53.

[31] Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, Mcquillan G, Berman S. The Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Reproductive-Age Women in the United. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1319–1626. doi:10.1086/522532.

[32] Rogers SM, Turner CF, Hobbs M, et al. Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090548.

[33] Javanbakht M, Stirland A, Stahlman S, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among High-Risk Women in Los Angeles. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(10):804–807. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000026.

[34] Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Metcalf C, et al. Risk factors for prevalent and incident Trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(5):484–8. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644b9c.

[35] Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Brown JL, Diclemente RJ, Rose ES. Correlates of incident Trichomonas vaginalis infections among African American female adolescents. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(4):240–5. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000094.

[36] Muzny C, Rivers C, Austin EL, Schwebke JR. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an Alabama HIV Clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(6):514–8. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050889.

[37] Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE. Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):3927–31. doi:10.1128/JCM.02078-12.

[38] Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(3):165–168. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc.

[39] Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD, et al. The Association Between Trichomonas Infection and Incarceration in HIV-Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38(12):1094–1100. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822ea147.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

trichomoniasis