WordNet
- inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/08 21:02:30」(JST)
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| Trichomonas vaginalis | |
|---|---|
| T. vaginalis phase contrast microscopy | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukarya |
| Phylum: | Metamonada |
| Class: | Parabasalia |
| Order: | Trichomonadida |
| Genus: | Trichomonas |
| Species: | T. vaginalis |
| Binomial name | |
| Trichomonas vaginalis (Donné 1836) |
|
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries.[1] Infection rates between men and women are similar with women being symptomatic, while infections in men are usually asymptomatic. Transmission usually occurs via direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, most often through vaginal intercourse. The WHO has estimated that 160 million cases of infection are acquired annually worldwide.[2] The estimates for North America alone are between 5 and 8 million new infections each year, with an estimated rate of asymptomatic cases as high as 50%.[3] Usually treatment consists of metronidazole and tinidazole.[4]
Contents
- 1 Clinical
- 1.1 Mechanism of infection
- 1.2 Symptoms
- 1.3 Signs
- 1.4 Complications
- 1.5 Diagnosis
- 1.6 Treatment
- 2 Morphology
- 3 Protein function
- 4 Virulence factors
- 5 Genome sequencing and statistics
- 6 Increased susceptibility to HIV
- 7 Evolution
- 8 See also
- 9 Further Reading
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Clinical
Main article: trichomoniasis
Mechanism of infection
Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, and is a sexually transmitted infection.[2][5] More than 160 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan.[2]
Symptoms
Pap smear, showing infestation by Trichomonas vaginalis. Papanicolaou stain, 400x
Trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection of the urogenital tract, is a common cause of vaginitis in women, while men with this infection can display symptoms of urethritis. 'Frothy', greenish vaginal discharge with a 'musty' malodorous smell is characteristic.[6]
Signs
Only 2% of women with the infection will have a "strawberry" cervix (colpitis macularis, an erythematous cervix with pinpoint areas of exudation) or vagina on examination.[7][8][9] This is due to capillary dilation as a result of the inflammatory response.
Complications
Some of the complications of T. vaginalis in women include: preterm delivery, low birth weight, and increased mortality as well as predisposing to HIV infection, AIDS, and cervical cancer.[10] T. vaginalis has also been reported in the urinary tract, fallopian tubes, and pelvis and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and oral lesions. Condoms are effective at reducing, but not wholly preventing, transmission.[11]
T. vaginalis infection in males has been found to cause asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis.[12] It has been proposed that it may increase the risk of prostate cancer; however, evidence is insufficient to support this association as of 2014.[12]
Diagnosis
Classically, with a cervical smear, infected women have a transparent "halo" around their superficial cell nucleus.[13] It is unreliably detected by studying a genital discharge or with a cervical smear because of their low sensitivity. T. vaginalis was traditionally diagnosed via a wet mount, in which "corkscrew" motility was observed. Currently, the most common method of diagnosis is via overnight culture,[14][15] with a sensitivity range of 75-95%.[16] Newer methods, such as rapid antigen testing and transcription-mediated amplification, have even greater sensitivity, but are not in widespread use.[16] The presence of T. vaginalis can also be diagnosed by PCR, using primers specific for GENBANK/L23861.[17]
Treatment
Infection is treated and cured with metronidazole[18] or tinidazole. Metronidazole would normally be prescribed for a 7 day period and Tinidazole as a two day course, which appears to have a higher success rate than the single dose option. Medication should be prescribed to any sexual partner(s) as well because they may be asymptomatic carriers.[6][19]
Morphology
Unlike other parasitic protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica etc.), Trichomonas vaginalis exists in only one morphological stage, a trophozoite, and cannot encyst. The T. vaginalis trophozoite is oval as well as flagellated, or "pear" shaped as seen on a wet-mount. It is slightly larger than a white blood cell, measuring 9 × 7 μm. Five flagella arise near the cytostome; four of these immediately extend outside the cell together, while the fifth flagellum wraps backwards along the surface of the organism. The functionality of the fifth flagellum is not known. In addition, a conspicuous barb-like axostyle projects opposite the four-flagella bundle. The axostyle may be used for attachment to surfaces and may also cause the tissue damage seen in trichomoniasis infections.[20]
While T. vaginalis does not have a cyst form, organisms can survive for up to 24 hours in urine, semen, or even water samples.
Protein function
T. vaginalis lacks mitochondria and therefore necessary enzymes and cytochromes to conduct oxidative phosphorylation. T. vaginalis obtains nutrients by transport through the cell membrane and by phagocytosis. The organism is able to maintain energy requirements by the use of a small amount of enzymes to provide energy via glycolysis of glucose to glycerol and succinate in the cytoplasm, followed by further conversion of pyruvate and malate to hydrogen and acetate in an organelle called the hydrogenosome.[21]
Virulence factors
One of the hallmark features of Trichomonas vaginalis is the adherence factors that allow cervicovaginal epithelium colonization in women. The adherence that this organism illustrates is specific to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) being pH, time and temperature dependent. A variety of virulence factors mediate this process some of which are the microtubules, microfilaments, adhesins (4), and cysteine proteinases. The adhesins are four trichomonad enzymes called AP65, AP51, AP33, and AP23 that mediate the interaction of the parasite to the receptor molecules on VECs.[22] Cysteine proteinases may be another virulence factor because not only do these 30 kDa proteins bind to host cell surfaces but also may degrade extracellular matrix proteins like hemoglobin, fibronectin or collagen IV.[23]
Genome sequencing and statistics
The T. vaginalis genome was found to be approximately 160 megabases in size[24] – ten times larger than predicted from earlier gel-based chromosome sizing [25] (The human genome is ~3.5 gigabases by comparison.[26]) As much as two-thirds of the T. vaginalis sequence consists of repetitive and transposable elements, reflecting a massive, evolutionarily recent expansion of the genome. The total number of predicted protein-coding genes is ~98,000, which includes ~38,000 'repeat' genes (virus-like, transposon-like, retrotransposon-like, and unclassified repeats, all with high copy number and low polymorphism). Approximately 26,000 of the protein-coding genes have been classed as 'evidence-supported' (similar either to known proteins, or to ESTs), while the remainder have no known function. These extraordinary genome statistics are likely to change downward as the genome sequence, currently very fragmented due to the difficulty of ordering repetitive DNA, is assembled into chromosomes, and as more transcription data (ESTs, microarrays) accumulate. But it appears that the gene number of the single-celled parasite T. vaginalis is, at minimum, on par with that of its host H. sapiens.
In late 2007 TrichDB.org was launched as a free, public genomic data repository and retrieval service devoted to genome-scale trichomonad data. The site currently contains all of the T. vaginalis sequence project data, several EST libraries, and tools for data mining and display. TrichDB is part of the NIH/NIAID-funded EupathDB functional genomics database project.[27]
Increased susceptibility to HIV
The damage caused by Trichomonas vaginalis to the vaginal epithelium increases a woman's susceptibility to an HIV infection. In addition to inflammation, the parasite also causes lysis of epithelial cells and RBCs in the area leading to more inflammation and disruption of the protective barrier usually provided by the epithelium. Having Trichomonas vaginalis also may increase the chances of the infected woman transmitting HIV to her sexual partner(s).[28][29]
Evolution
The biology of T. vaginalis has implications for understanding the origin of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. T. vaginalis is not known to undergo meiosis, a key stage of the eukaryotic sexual cycle. However, when Malik et al.[30] examined T. vaginalis for the presence of 29 genes known to function in meiosis, they found 27 such genes, including 8 of 9 genes that are specific to meiosis in model organisms. These findings suggest that the capability for meiosis, and hence sexual reproduction, was present in recent ancestors of T. vaginalis. Twenty-one of the 27 meiosis genes were also found in another parasite Giardia lamblia (also called Giardia intestinalis), indicating that these meiotic genes were present in a common ancestor of T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis. Since these two species are descendants of lineages that are highly divergent among eukaryotes, Malik et al.[30] noted that these meiotic genes were likely present in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
See also
- Alfred François Donné
- List of parasites (human)
Further Reading
Hernández, Hilda M.; Marcet, Ricardo; Sarracent, Jorge (28 October 2014). "Biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis". Parasite 21 (54): 1-10. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014054. PMID 25348828. Retrieved 10 February 2015. [31]
References
- ^ Soper, D (2004). "Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 190 (1): 281–90. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.08.023. PMID 14749674.
- ^ a b c Harp, Djana F.; Chowdhury, Indrajit (2011). "Trichomoniasis: Evaluation to execution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 157 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.02.024. PMID 21440359.
- ^ Hook, Edward W. (1999). "Trichomonas vaginalis—No Longer a Minor STD". Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26 (7): 388–9. doi:10.1097/00007435-199908000-00004. PMID 10458631.
- ^ W Evan Secor. "Trichomonas Vaginalis". MedScape.
- ^ Johnston VJ, Mabey DC (February 2008). "Global epidemiology and control of Trichomonas vaginalis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 21 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999. PMID 18192787.
- ^ a b Nanda, N; Michel, RG; Kurdgelashvili, G; Wendel, KA (2006). "Trichomoniasis and its treatment". Expert review of anti-infective therapy 4 (1): 125–35. doi:10.1586/14787210.4.1.125. PMID 16441214.
- ^ Swygard H, Seña AC, Hobbs MM, Cohen MS (April 2004). "Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management". Sex Transm Infect 80 (2): 91–5. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.005124. PMC 1744792. PMID 15054166.
- ^ Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G (April 1998). "Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11 (2): 300–17. PMC 106834. PMID 9564565.
- ^ Garber GE (January 2005). "The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis". Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 16 (1): 35–8. PMC 2095007. PMID 18159526.
- ^ Schwebke, J. R.; Burgess, D. (2004). "Trichomoniasis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 (4): 794–803, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004. PMC 523559. PMID 15489349.
- ^ "Trichomoniasis". CDC Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ a b Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821. PMID 24986642.
- ^ Avwioro O G. "Diagnosis of trichomoniasis in pap smears; How effective is it?". European Journal of Experimental Biology (Pelagia Research Library) 1 (1): 10–13.
- ^ Ohlemeyer, C; Hornberger, L; Lynch, D; Swierkosz, E (March 1998). "Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: InPouch TV® culture versus wet-mount microscopy". Journal of Adolescent Health 22 (3): 205–8. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00214-0. PMID 9502007.
- ^ Sood, Seema; Mohanty, Srujana; Kapil, Arti; Tolosa, Jorge; Mittal, Suneeta (2007). "InPouch TV culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis" (PDF). The Indian journal of medical research 125 (4): 567–71. PMID 17598943.
- ^ a b Huppert, Jill S.; Mortensen, Joel E.; Reed, Jennifer L.; Kahn, Jessica A.; Rich, Kimberly D.; Miller, William C.; Hobbs, Marcia M. (2007). "Rapid Antigen Testing Compares Favorably with Transcription‐Mediated Amplification Assay for the Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Young Women". Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1086/518851. PMID 17578778.
- ^ Schirm, Jurjen; Bos, Petra A.J.; Roozeboom-Roelfsema, Irene K.; Luijt, Dirk S.; Möller, Lieke V. (2007). "Trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time TaqMan PCR". Journal of Microbiological Methods 68 (2): 243–7. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.08.002. PMID 17005275.
"Trichomonas vaginalis repeated DNA target for PCR identification". GenBank Nucleotide Database. National Center for Biotechnology Information. L23861.1.
Kengne P, Veas F, Vidal N, Rey JL, Cuny G (September 1994). "Trichomonas vaginalis: repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis". Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 40 (6): 819–31. PMID 7812190. - ^ "Metronidazole". HealthExpress. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Cudmore, S. L.; Delgaty, K. L.; Hayward-Mcclelland, S. F.; Petrin, D. P.; Garber, G. E. (2004). "Treatment of Infections Caused by Metronidazole-Resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.
- ^ Ryan, Kenneth James; Ray, C. George; Sherris, John C., eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. [page needed]
- ^ Upcroft, P.; Upcroft, J. A. (2001). "Drug Targets and Mechanisms of Resistance in the Anaerobic Protozoa". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14 (1): 150–64. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001. PMC 88967. PMID 11148007.
- ^ Arroyo, R.; Engbring, J.; Alderete, J. F. (1992). "Molecular basis of host epithelial cell recognition by Trichomonas vaginalis". Molecular Microbiology 6 (7): 853–862. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01536.x. PMID 1602965.
- ^ Mendoza-Lopez, M. R.; Becerril-Garcia, C.; Fattel-Facenda, L. V.; Avila-Gonzalez, L.; Ruiz-Tachiquin, M. E.; Ortega-Lopez, J.; Arroyo, R. (2000). "CP30, a Cysteine Proteinase Involved in Trichomonas vaginalis Cytoadherence". Infection and Immunity 68 (9): 4907–12. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.9.4907-4912.2000. PMC 101697. PMID 10948104.
- ^ Carlton, J. M.; Hirt, R. P.; Silva, J. C.; Delcher, A. L.; Schatz, M.; Zhao, Q.; Wortman, J. R.; Bidwell, S. L.; et al. (2007). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis". Science 315 (5809): 207–12. doi:10.1126/science.1132894. PMC 2080659. PMID 17218520.
- ^ Lehker, M. W.; Alderete, J. F. (1999). "Resolution of Six Chromosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis and Conservation of Size and Number among Isolates". The Journal of Parasitology 85 (5): 976–9. doi:10.2307/3285842. JSTOR 3285842. PMID 10577741.
- ^ Zimmer, C. (2007). "EVOLUTION: Jurassic Genome". Science 315 (5817): 1358–9. doi:10.1126/science.315.5817.1358. PMID 17347424.
- ^ Aurrecoechea, Cristina; Brestelli, John; Brunk, Brian P.; Carlton, Jane M.; Dommer, Jennifer; Fischer, Steve; Gajria, Bindu; Gao, Xin; et al. (2009). "GiardiaDB and TrichDB: integrated genomic resources for the eukaryotic protist pathogens Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis". Nucleic Acids Research 37 (Database issue): D526–30. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn631. PMC 2686445. PMID 18824479.
- ^ Mulla, Summaiyaa; Kosambiya, JK; Desai, Vikask; Shethwala, Nimishad (2009). "Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers". Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 52 (2): 198–9. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.48916. PMID 19332911.
- ^ Mavedzenge, Sue Napierala; Van der Pol, Barbara; Cheng, Helen; Montgomery, Elizabeth T.; Blanchard, Kelly; de Bruyn, Guy; Ramjee, Gita; Van der Straten, Ariane (2010). "Epidemiological Synergy of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African Women". Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37 (7): 460–6. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b. PMID 20562586.
- ^ a b Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM (2008). "An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis". PLoS ONE 3 (8): e2879. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002879. PMC 2488364. PMID 18663385.
- ^ Hernández, Hilda M.; Marcet, Ricardo; Sarracent, Jorge (28 October 2014). "Biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis" (PDF). Parasite 21 (54): 1-10. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014054. PMID 25348828. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
External links
- TIGR's Trichomonas vaginalis genome sequencing project.
- TrichDB: the Trichomonas vaginalis genome resource
- NIH site on trichomoniasis.
- Taxonomy
- STI: What's trichomonas a website for teenagers
- eMedicine article on trichomoniasis.
- Trichomonas vaginalis at the Encyclopedia of Life
- Patient UK
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. トリコモナス trichomoniasis
- 2. 膣炎症状が認められる女性に対するアプローチ approach to women with symptoms of vaginitis
- 3. 思春期前の小児における外陰膣に関する愁訴 vulvovaginal complaints in the prepubertal child
- 4. 急性子宮頚管炎 acute cervicitis
- 5. 性感染症のスクリーニング screening for sexually transmitted infections
Japanese Journal
- 臨床研究 未婚女性のトリコモナス感染患者における性行動および心理的調査
- 石 明寛,石 政道,福澤 雪子 [他]
- 産科と婦人科 76(3), 357-361, 2009-03
- NAID 40016484950
- 妊娠中のカンジダ症・トリコモナス腟炎とその対策 (特集 周産期の感染症対策)
- 杉野 法広,住江 正大
- 産婦人科治療 = Obstetrical and gynecological therapy 88(2), 142-145, 2004-02
- NAID 40019869536
- 淋疾,トリコモナス腟炎合併の1症例における膣細胞診
- 佐々木 貴子,佐々木 寛,北村 隆,光永 忍,土田 正祐,岩田 正晴
- 日本臨床細胞学会雑誌 24(3), 570-574, 1985-07-25
- NAID 110001220942
Related Links
- Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease that affects both men and women. Learn more from WebMD. ... Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a small organism called Trichomonas vaginalis.
- Trich·o·mo·nas va·gi·na·'lis a species frequently found in the vagina and urethra of women (in whom it causes trichomoniasis vaginitis) and in the urethra ... Trichomonas vaginitis is associated with a number of serious clinical ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「トリコモナス症」 |
「トリコモナス症」
- 英
- trichomoniasis
- 同
- 性器トリコモナス症、トリコモナス腟炎 trichomonas vaginitis
- (女性のトリコモナス症)膣トリコモナス症、腟トリコモナス症、vaginal trichomoniasis、trichomoniasis vaginalis
- 関
- 原虫、トリコモナス属、腟トリコモナス Trichomonas vaginalis。トリコモナス感染、トリコモナス感染症
病原体
症状
- 女性：感染者のうち半数が無症状、半数が感染後数ヶ月の経過で症状が出現する。腟炎をきたして粘膜面は発赤・びらんを来たし、膿性～黄色の泡沫状帯下、掻痒感、灼熱感を呈する。月経時や妊娠時に腟内のpH上昇に伴い増悪する。
- 男性：ほとんどが無症状で、ときに尿道炎をきたす。
検査
- 腟スメアの鏡検にて原虫を確認
治療
- メトロニダゾール
参考
- 1. 写真
- http://s3.hubimg.com/u/1404382_f260.jpg
- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Trichomonas_vaginalis_01.jpg/640px-Trichomonas_vaginalis_01.jpg
- 2.
- 3. [charged] 膣トリコモナス - uptodate [1]