WordNet

raise with a line; "trice a window shade" (同)trice up
hoist up or in and lash or secure with a small rope (同)trice up
any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii)
one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran; "the Quran is divided in 114 suras"

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瞬間
(上腕の)三頭筋

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/18 21:19:50」(JST)

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The triceps surae (from Latin caput and sura. "three-headed calf [muscle]") is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the posterior leg, commonly known as the calf muscle.

Origins and insertion

The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle.

The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee.
The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia.

The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2.

Function

Contraction of the triceps surae induce plantar flexion and stabilization of the ankle complex in the transverse plane. Functional activities include primarily movement in the sagittal plane, stabilization during locomotion (walking, running) and power jumping.

Calf strain (torn calf muscle)

A torn calf muscle happens when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon. Severe pain is felt by the victim and is often but not always accompanied by a "pop."

This injury happens during acceleration or changes in direction. The torn calf muscle may spasm, and contract forcefully. The toes may also point down (Foot drop). Bruises can show up in the leg, foot and ankle due to pooling of blood from internal bleeding. It may take some time for the bruises to occur, from hours to days depending upon where the tear occurred. The circumference of the leg will most certainly increase.

This injury may take several months to heal. It is important not to continue the exercise if muscle is torn, as internal bleeding is taking place. See a doctor immediately after the muscle is torn to begin rehabilitation.

External links

triceps surae muscle at eMedicine Dictionary
differences in triceps surae muscle-tendon complex and walking economy

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児または思春期のアスリートにおける肘関節損傷 elbow injuries in the child or adolescent athlete
2. 小児または思春期のアスリートにおける足部痛の臨床的特徴およびマネージメント clinical features and management of foot pain in the child or adolescent athlete
3. 小児または思春期のアスリートにおける足部および足関節の疼痛評価 evaluation of foot and ankle pain in the child or adolescent athlete
4. アキレス腱に至らない脹脛部の傷害 calf injuries not involving the achilles tendon

English Journal

Neuromuscular Fatigue Is Not Different between Constant and Variable Frequency Stimulation.

Papaiordanidou M1, Billot M2, Varray A3, Martin A4.Author information 1Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France ; Movement to Health Laboratory, Euromov, Montpellier 1 University, Montpellier, France.2Movement to Health Laboratory, Euromov, Montpellier 1 University, Montpellier, France ; GRAME, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.3Movement to Health Laboratory, Euromov, Montpellier 1 University, Montpellier, France.4INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne, UFR STAPS, Dijon, France.AbstractThis study compared fatigue development of the triceps surae induced by two electrical stimulation protocols composed of constant and variable frequency trains (CFTs, VFTs, 450 trains, 30 Hz, 167 ms ON, 500 ms OFF and 146 ms ON, 500 ms OFF respectively). For the VFTs protocol a doublet (100 Hz) was used at the beginning of each train. The intensity used evoked 30% of a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and was defined using CFTs. Neuromuscular tests were performed before and after each protocol. Changes in excitation-contraction coupling were assessed by analysing the M-wave [at rest (Mmax) and during MVC (Msup)] and associated peak twitch (Pt). H-reflex [at rest (Hmax) and during MVC (Hsup)] and the motor evoked potential (MEP) during MVC were studied to assess spinal and corticospinal excitability of the soleus muscle. MVC decrease was similar between the protocols (-8%, P<0.05). Mmax, Msup and Pt decreased after both protocols (P<0.01). Hmax/Mmax was decreased (P<0.05), whereas Hsup/Msup and MEP/Msup remained unchanged after both protocols. The results indicate that CFTs and VFTs gave rise to equivalent neuromuscular fatigue. This fatigue resulted from alterations taking place at the muscular level. The finding that cortical and spinal excitability remained unchanged during MVC indicates that spinal and/or supraspinal mechanisms were activated to compensate for the loss of spinal excitability at rest.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Jan 2;9(1):e84740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084740.
This study compared fatigue development of the triceps surae induced by two electrical stimulation protocols composed of constant and variable frequency trains (CFTs, VFTs, 450 trains, 30 Hz, 167 ms ON, 500 ms OFF and 146 ms ON, 500 ms OFF respectively). For the VFTs protocol a doublet (100 Hz) was
PMID 24392155

Assessment of calf muscle fatigue during submaximal exercise using transcranial magnetic stimulation versus transcutaneous motor nerve stimulation.

Green S, Robinson E, Wallis E.Author information School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Building 20, Campbelltown, NSW, 2517, Australia, simon.green@uws.edu.au.AbstractPURPOSE: Few studies have assessed the time-dependent response of fatigue (i.e., loss of force) during submaximal exercise without the use of maximum contractions. There is unexplored potential in the use of the superimposed muscle twitch (SIT), evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or motor nerve stimulation (MNS), to assess fatigue during voluntary submaximal contractions. For the human triceps surae muscles, there are also no data on TMS-evoked twitches.
European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2014 Jan;114(1):113-21. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2757-x. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
PURPOSE: Few studies have assessed the time-dependent response of fatigue (i.e., loss of force) during submaximal exercise without the use of maximum contractions. There is unexplored potential in the use of the superimposed muscle twitch (SIT), evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or m
PMID 24150785

Testosterone dose-dependently prevents bone and muscle loss in rodents following spinal cord injury.

Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Beck DT, Otzel DM, Balaez A, Combs SM, Miller JR, Ye F, Aguirre JI, Neuville KG, Williams AA, Conrad BP, Gregory CM, Wronski TJ, Bose PK, Borst SE.Author information VA Medical Center, Research, 1601 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32608, (352) 376-1611 x 6477, University of Florida, Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, Gainesville, Florida, United States ; jfyarrow@ufl.edu.AbstractAndrogen administration protects against musculoskeletal deficits in models of sex-steroid deficiency and injury/disuse. However, it remains unknown whether testosterone prevents bone loss accompanying spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition that results in a near universal occurrence of osteoporosis. Our primary purpose was to determine whether testosterone-enanthate (TE) attenuates hind limb bone loss in a rodent moderate/severe contusion SCI model. Forty (n=10/group), 14 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive: 1) Sham surgery (T9 laminectomy), 2) moderate/severe (250 kdyne) SCI, 3) SCI+Low-dose TE (2.0mg/week), or 4) SCI+High-dose TE (7.0mg/week). Twenty-one days post-injury, SCI animals exhibited a 77-85% reduction in hind limb cancellous bone volume at the distal femur (measured via µCT) and proximal tibia (measured via histomorphometry), characterized by a >70% reduction in trabecular number, 13-27% reduction in trabecular thickness, and increased trabecular separation. A 57% reduction in cancellous volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the distal femur and a 20% reduction in vBMD at the femoral neck were also observed. TE dose-dependently prevented hind limb bone loss after SCI, with high-dose TE fully preserving cancellous bone structural characteristics and vBMD at all skeletal sites examined. Animals receiving SCI also exhibited a 35% reduction in hind limb weight bearing (triceps surae) muscle mass and a 22% reduction in sublesional non-weight bearing [levator ani/bulbocavernosus (LABC)] muscle mass, and reduced prostate mass. Both TE doses fully preserved LABC mass, while only high-dose TE ameliorated hind limb muscle losses. TE also dose-dependently increased prostate mass. Our findings provide the first evidence indicating that high-dose TE fully prevents hind limb cancellous bone loss and concomitantly ameliorates muscle loss following SCI, while low-dose TE produces much less profound musculoskeletal benefit. However, testosterone-induced prostate enlargement represents a potential barrier to the clinical implementation of high-dose TE as a means of preserving musculoskeletal tissue after SCI.
Journal of neurotrauma.J Neurotrauma.2013 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
Androgen administration protects against musculoskeletal deficits in models of sex-steroid deficiency and injury/disuse. However, it remains unknown whether testosterone prevents bone loss accompanying spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition that results in a near universal occurrence of osteoporosis.
PMID 24378197

Japanese Journal

Active stretching for lower extremity muscle tightness in pediatric patients with lumbar spondylolysis

The Journal of Medical Investigation 64(1.2), 136-139, 2017
NAID 130005501947

症例研究発表会優秀賞脳卒中後片麻痺者に対する下腿三頭筋への段階的アプローチ : 誤学習を防ぎ,成功体験を積ませる為に

柳川リハビリテーション学院・福岡国際医療福祉学院紀要 12, 54-58, 2016
NAID 40021105973

歩行開始時における下腿三頭筋の収縮動態

理学療法科学 31(3), 377-380, 2016
NAID 130005163217

「下腿三頭筋」

Triceps surae
	Muscles of lower extremity
	Human calf
Latin	musculus triceps surae
Gray's	subject #129 482
Origin	distal femur (gastrocnemius), posterior tibia (soleus)
Insertion	achilles tendon, calcaneus
Artery	posterior tibial artery
Nerve	tibial nerve
Actions	plantarflexion
Dorlands; /Elsevier	triceps surae muscle

　　[★]

英: triceps surae (K), triceps muscle of calf
ラ: musculus triceps surae

腓腹筋とヒラメ筋をあわせた名称

「triceps surae reflex」

　　[★] 下腿三頭筋反射アキレス腱反射

「sura」

　　[★] 腓腹

関: calf、sural

Triceps surae

Muscles of lower extremity

Human calf
Latin	musculus triceps surae
Gray's	subject #129 482
Origin	distal femur (gastrocnemius), posterior tibia (soleus)
Insertion	achilles tendon, calcaneus
Artery	posterior tibial artery
Nerve	tibial nerve
Actions	plantarflexion
Dorlands /Elsevier	triceps surae muscle

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案内

triceps surae