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Transillumination is the technique of sample illumination by transmission of light through the sample. Transillumination is used in a variety of methods of imaging.

Microscopy

In microscopy transillumination refers to the illumination of a sample by transmitted light. In its most basic form it generates a bright field image, and is commonly used with transillumination techniques such as phase contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy.

Medicine

In medicine transillumination generally refers to the transmission of light through tissues of the body. A common example is the transmission of light through fingers, producing a red glow due to red blood cells absorbing other wavelengths of light. Organs analysed include the sinuses, the breasts and the testes. It is widely used by pediatricians to shine light in bodies of infants and observe the amount of scattered light. Since their skeleton is not fully calcified, light can easily penetrate tissues. Common examples of diagnostic applications are:

Hydrocele

Failed obliteration of the processus vaginalis allows serous fluid to collect around the testes via a communicating connection between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneum. The resulting hydrocele presents as a painless enlargement of the testes, similar to what may be encountered with testicular neoplasms. A convenient method to differentiate the conditions is to transilluminate the testes, as the hydrocele will appear a soft red while a solid tumor will not transmit light. Any uncertainty should be followed up with an ultrasound.^[1]

Hydrocephalus (water head)

Light penetrates to the inside of the skull of the infant. If there is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), light is scattered to different parts of the skull, producing patterns characteristic to hydrocephalus. The device used in this operation is a Chun gun that uses a 150 watt projection bulb as a light source.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lungs)

Bright light penetrates the thin front chest wall and reflects off the back chest wall to indicate the degree of pneumothorax. To treat it, a physician inserts a needle attached to a syringe into the area of collapse to remove the air between lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to reinflate.

Dentistry

Bright transilluminated light can highlight dental caries and sign of dental trauma such as enamel infractions.

Other

Light bright enough to penetrate the shell can be used to verify egg yolks are intact, as the yolk is opaque while the albumen is transparent.

References

^ Junnila et al. "Testicular Masses." Am Fam Physician. 1998 Feb 15;57(4): 685-692. www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0215/p685.html

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English Journal

Elimination of the venous stasis error for routine coagulation testing by transillumination.

Lima-Oliveira G, Salvagno GL, Lippi G, Montagnana M, Scartezini M, Picheth G, Guidi GC.SourceLaboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Post Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medical Pathology Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; MERCOSUL: Sector Committee of Clinical Analyses and In Vitro Diagnostics, CSM 20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Society of Clinical Analyses on Sao Paulo State, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2011 Jul 15;412(15-16):1482-4. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
PMID 21510927

Wavelength selection method with standard deviation: application to pulse oximetry.

Vazquez-Jaccaud C, Paez G, Strojnik M.SourceInfrared Physics Group, Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Apartado Postal 1-948, 37150, Leon, Gto., Mexico, jaccaud1@cio.mx.
Annals of biomedical engineering.Ann Biomed Eng.2011 Jul;39(7):1994-2009. Epub 2011 Apr 2.
Near-infrared spectroscopy provides useful biological information after the radiation has penetrated through the tissue, within the therapeutic window. One of the significant shortcomings of the current applications of spectroscopic techniques to a live subject is that the subject may be uncooperati
PMID 21461782