| Identifiers |
| EC number |
2.3.2.13 |
| CAS number |
80146-85-6 |
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proteins |
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A transglutaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group (e.g., protein- or peptide-bound lysine) and the acyl group at the end of the side chain of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine. The reaction also produces a molecule of ammonia. Such an enzyme is classified as EC 2.3.2.13. Bonds formed by transglutaminase exhibit high resistance to proteolytic degradation (proteolysis).
The upper reaction shows how a transaminase combines with a glutamine residue, releasing ammonia, and then the combination reacts with the amine group of a lysine residue of another protein, setting the enzyme free again.
Transglutaminases were first described in 1959.[1] The exact biochemical activity of transglutaminases was discovered in blood coagulation protein factor XIII in 1968.[2]
Contents
- 1 Physiological transglutaminases
- 2 Mechanism of action
- 3 Role in disease
- 4 Industrial and culinary applications
- 5 Molecular gastronomy
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Physiological transglutaminases[edit source | edit]
Eight transglutaminases have been characterised.[3]
| Name |
Gene |
Activity |
Chromosome |
OMIM |
| Factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor) |
F13A1, F13B |
coagulation |
6p25-p24 |
134570 |
| Keratinocyte transglutaminase |
TGM1 |
skin |
14q11.2 |
190195 |
| Tissue transglutaminase |
TGM2 |
ubiquitous |
20q11.2-q12 |
190196 |
| Epidermal transglutaminase |
TGM3 |
skin |
20q12 |
600238 |
| Prostate transglutaminase |
TGM4 |
prostate |
3p22-p21.33 |
600585 |
| TGM X |
TGM5[4] |
skin |
15q15.2 |
603805 |
| TGM Y |
TGM6 |
unclear |
20q11-15 |
not assigned |
| TGM Z |
TGM7 |
testis, lung |
15q15.2 |
606776 |
Mechanism of action[edit source | edit]
Transglutaminases form extensively cross-linked, generally insoluble protein polymers. These biological polymers are indispensable for the organism to create barriers and stable structures. Examples are blood clots (coagulation factor XIII), as well as skin and hair.
The catalytic reaction is generally viewed as being irreversible, and must be closely monitored through extensive control mechanisms.[3] A collection of the transglutaminase substrate proteins and interaction partners is accessible in the TRANSDAB database.
Role in disease[edit source | edit]
Deficiency of factor XIII (a rare genetic condition) predisposes to hemorrhage; concentrated enzyme can be used to correct the abnormality and reduce bleeding risk.[3]
Anti-transglutaminase antibodies are found in celiac disease and may play a role in the small bowel damage in response to dietary gliadin that characterises this condition.[3] In the related condition dermatitis herpetiformis, in which small bowel changes are often found and which responds to dietary exclusion of gliadin-containing wheat products, epidermal transglutaminase is the predominant autoantigen.[5]
Recent research indicates that sufferers from neurological diseases like Huntington's[6] and Parkinson's[7] may have unusually high levels of one type of transglutaminase, tissue transglutaminase. It is hypothesized that tissue transglutaminase may be involved in the formation of the protein aggregates that causes Huntington's disease, although it is most likely not required.[3][8]
Mutations in keratinocyte transglutaminase are implicated in lamellar ichthyosis.
Industrial and culinary applications[edit source | edit]
Three bistro tenders being joined together with transglutaminase "meat glue". They will set overnight before being unwrapped, sliced into portions, cooked, and served.
In commercial food processing, transglutaminase is used to bond proteins together. Examples of foods made using transglutaminase include imitation crabmeat, and fish balls. It is produced by Streptoverticillium mobaraense fermentation in commercial quantities or extracted from animal blood,[9] and is used in a variety of processes, including the production of processed meat and fish products.
Transglutaminase can be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham.[10]
Molecular gastronomy[edit source | edit]
Transglutaminase is also used in molecular gastronomy to meld new textures with existing tastes. Besides these mainstream uses, transglutaminase has been used to create some unusual foods. British chef Heston Blumenthal is credited with the introduction of transglutaminase into modern cooking.
Wylie Dufresne, chef of New York's avant-garde restaurant wd~50, was introduced to transglutaminase by Blumenthal, and invented a "pasta" made from over 95% shrimp thanks to transglutaminase.[11]
See also[edit source | edit]
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ Clarke DD, Mycek MJ, Neidle A, Waelsch H (1959). "The incorporation of amines into proteins". Arch Biochem Biophys 79: 338–354. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(59)90413-8.
- ^ Pisano JJ, Finlayson JS, Peyton MP (1968). "[Cross-link in fibrin polymerized by factor 13: epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine.]". Science 160 (3830): 892–3. doi:10.1126/science.160.3830.892. PMID 4967475.
- ^ a b c d e Griffin M, Casadio R, Bergamini CM (2002). "Transglutaminases: nature's biological glues". Biochem J 368 (Pt 2): 377–96. doi:10.1042/BJ20021234. PMC 1223021. PMID 12366374.
- ^ Aeschlimann D, Koeller MK, Allen-Hoffmann BL, Mosher DF (1998). "Isolation of a cDNA encoding a novel member of the transglutaminase gene family from human keratinocytes. Detection and identification of transglutaminase gene products based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (6): 3452–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3452. PMID 9452468.
- ^ Sárdy M, Kárpáti S, Merkl B, Paulsson M, Smyth N (March 2002). "Epidermal transglutaminase (TGase 3) is the autoantigen of dermatitis herpetiformis". J. Exp. Med. 195 (6): 747–57. doi:10.1084/jem.20011299. PMC 2193738. PMID 11901200.
- ^ Karpuj MV, Becher MW, Steinman L (2002). "Evidence for a role for transglutaminase in Huntington's disease and the potential therapeutic implications". Neurochem. Int. 40 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00060-2. PMID 11738470.
- ^ Vermes I, Steur EN, Jirikowski GF, Haanen C (2004). "Elevated concentration of cerebrospinal fluid tissue transglutaminase in Parkinson's disease indicating apoptosis". Mov. Disord. 19 (10): 1252–4. doi:10.1002/mds.20197. PMID 15368613.
- ^ Lesort M, Chun W, Tucholski J, Johnson GV (2002). "Does tissue transglutaminase play a role in Huntington's disease?". Neurochem. Int. 40 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00059-6. PMID 11738471.
- ^ Köhler, Wim (2008-08-22). "Gelijmde slavink" (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Yokoyama K, Nio N, Kikuchi Y (2004). "Properties and applications of microbial transglutaminase". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64 (4): 447–54. doi:10.1007/s00253-003-1539-5. PMID 14740191.
- ^ Jon, Bonné (2005-02-11). "Noodles, reinvented". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
Additional sources[edit source | edit]
- Kelleher, James B. (May 11, 2012). "Industry defends ingredient critics deride as "meat glue"". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- U.S. Patent 5,156,956 – A transglutaminase catalyzing an acyl transfer reaction of a Γ-carboxyamide group of a glutamine residue in a peptide or protein chain in the absence of Cz2+
External links[edit source | edit]
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Transferases: acyltransferases (EC 2.3)
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| 2.3.1: other than amino-acyl groups |
- acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase
- N-Acetylglutamate synthase
- Choline acetyltransferase
- Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
- Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
- Beta-galactoside transacetylase
- Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- N-acetyltransferase
- Serotonin N-acetyl transferase
- HGSNAT
- ARD1A
- Histone acetyltransferase
- palmitoyltransferases: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
- Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
- other: Acyltransferase like 2
- Aminolevulinic acid synthase
- Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
- Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase
- Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
- Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
- 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
- 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
- ABHD5
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| 2.3.2: Aminoacyltransferases |
- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- Peptidyl transferase
- Transglutaminase
- Tissue transglutaminase
- Keratinocyte transglutaminase
- Factor XIII
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| 2.3.3: converted into alkyl on transfer |
- Citrate synthase
- ATP citrate lyase
- HMG-CoA synthase
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- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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