関: amphibian venom

WordNet

toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions)
full of malice or hate; "venomed remarks"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《方向》(1)(到着の意を含めて)…『へ』,に,まで / 《状況の変化》…[のほう]へ;…に[なるまで],その結果…になる / 《適用範囲》(1)《動詞に伴って》『…に対して』,に,へ / (2)《形容詞[句]・[代]名倍に伴って》『…に対して』 / 《程度・範囲》『…[に至る]まで』 / 《時間の終り》『…まで』(till) / 《to one's+『名』の形で》(…が)『…したことに[は]』 / 《比較・対比・割合》『…と比べて』,より,に対して / 《一致・適合》『…に合わせて』,に合って,に応じて / 《目的・意図》『…のために』 / 《運命・境遇》『…に』 / 《所属・関係》『…へ』,に[対して] / 《付加・付着・固執》『…に』 / 《対立・対向》…に[対して] / いつもの状態(位置)に / 停止(閉鎖)の状態に / 活動状態に(へ),仕事に
《名詞的用法》『…すること』 / 《形容詞的用法》『…するための,すべき』 / 《副詞的用法》『…するために』,して,するとは,すれば / 《独立用法》 / 《文全体を修飾する慣用語句》…すれば,してみると,…だが / 短縮文
(ヘビ・サソリ・クモ・ハチなどの)毒,毒液 / 悪意,恨み,憎悪
ヒキガェル,大形のカエル

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/07 11:15:43」(JST)

wiki en

Bufotoxins are a family of toxic steroid lactones found in the parotoid glands, skin and poison of many toads (genus Bufo); other amphibians; and some plants and mushrooms.^[1]^[2]^[3] The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. It can contain: 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufalin, bufotalin, bufotenin, bufothionine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The term bufotoxin can also be used specifically to describe the conjugate of a bufagin with suberylargine.^[4]

The toxic substances found in toads can be divided by chemical structure in two groups:

bufadienolides which are cardiac glycosides (e.g. bufotalin, bufogenin)
tryptamine related substances (e.g. bufotenin)

Toads known to secrete bufotoxin are:^{[citation needed]}

Bufo alvarius
Bufo americanus
Bufo arenarum
Bufo asper
Bufo blombergi
Bufo boreas
Bufo bufo
Bufo bufo gargarizans
Bufo Gutturalis
Bufo formosus
Bufo fowleri
Rhinella marina (formerly Bufo marinus)
Bufo melanostictus
Bufo peltocephalus
Bufo quercicus
Bufo regularis
Bufo valliceps
Bufo viridis
Bufo vulgaris

Extraction

Extract from the skin of certain Asian toads, such as Bufo bufo gargarizans, is often found in certain Chinese folk remedies.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Siperstein MD, Murray AW, Titus E (March 1957). "Biosynthesis of cardiotonic sterols from cholesterol in the toad, Bufo marinus". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 67 (1): 154–60. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(57)90254-0. PMID 13412129.
^ Lincoff, Gary; Mitchel, Duane H. (1977). Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning: A Handbook for Physicians and Mushroom Hunters. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-24580-1. ^{[page needed]}
^ Kißmer, B.; Wichtl, M. (1986). "Bufadienolide aus Samen von Helleborus odorus" [Bufadienolides from the Seeds of Helleborus odorus]. Planta Medica (in German). 52 (2): 152–3. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969103.
^ Chen KK, Kovaríková A (December 1967). "Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 56 (12): 1535–41. doi:10.1002/jps.2600561202. PMID 4871915.

External links

http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/b.b.boreas.html
http://www.erowid.org/animals/toads/toads_health1.shtml

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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English Journal

Multi-constituent identification in Australian cane toad skin extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.

Zulfiker AH1, Sohrabi M1, Qi J1, Matthews B2, Wei MQ3, Grice ID4.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2016 Sep 10;129:260-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.031. Epub 2016 Jul 1.
Toad skins and venom glandular secretions have been widely used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as cancer, sores, toothache, local inflammation and pain. The active chemical constituents from traditional oriental medicines have de
PMID 27442888

Quantification of bufadienolides in the poisons of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus by HPLC-UV.

Kerkhoff J1, Noronha Jda C1, Bonfilio R2, Sinhorin AP1, Rodrigues Dde J1, Chaves MH3, Vieira GM Júnior4.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2016 Sep 1;119:311-8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.003. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
Bufadienolides are the main active compounds in the Bufonidae family of frogs. Recent studies have demonstrated cytotoxic and/or antitumor activity in these molecules. A HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated to quantify three bufadienolides (telocinobufagin, marinobufagin and bufalin) in ethyl
PMID 27390041

Characteristics of cathelicidin-Bg, a novel gene expressed in the ear-side gland of Bufo gargarizans.

Gao F1,2, Xu WF1, Tang LP1, Wang MM1, Wang XJ1,2, Qian YC3,4.
Genetics and molecular research : GMR.Genet Mol Res.2016 Aug 5;15(3). doi: 10.4238/gmr.15038481.
The traditional Chinese medicine Chan Su (toad venom) comprises dried secretions of the ear-side gland of Bufo gargarizans. Chan Su is known for its small molecular components, which include telocinobufagin, marinobufagin, and bufalin, while in other amphibians, studies mainly focus on peptide compo
PMID 27525920

Japanese Journal

The Mechanism of Action of Bufalin in Inhibition of Lipid Droplet Accumulation in Mouse Macrophages

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(3), 364-369, 2013
NAID 130003382077

Analyses of Biologically Active Steroids: Antitumor Active OSW-1 and Cardiotonic Marinobufotoxin, by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Quadrupole Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry