WordNet

shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si

PrepTutorEJDIC

=tyro
初心者
シ(全音階の第7音)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/10 22:25:54」(JST)

wiki en

Marcus Tullius Tiro (died c. 4 BC) was first a slave, then a freedman of Cicero. He is frequently mentioned in Cicero's letters. After Cicero's death he published his former master's collected works. He also wrote a considerable number of books himself, and possibly invented an early form of shorthand.

Life

The date of Tiro's birth is uncertain. From Jerome it can be dated to 103 BC,^[1] which would make him only a little younger than Cicero. However, he may have been born considerably later than that: Cicero refers to him as a "young man" in 50 BC.^[2]

It is possible that Tiro was born a slave in Cicero's household in Arpinum and came with his family to Rome. However we do not know for sure that he was a verna (homegrown slave). Cicero refers to Tiro frequently in his letters. His duties included taking dictation, deciphering Cicero's handwriting and managing his table,^[3] as well as his garden^[4] and financial affairs.^[5] Cicero remarks on how useful he is to him in his work and studies.^[6]

He was freed in 53 BC and accompanied Cicero to Cilicia during Cicero's governorship there,^{[citation needed]} although he was frequently separated from his patron due to poor health, and many of Cicero's letters refer with concern to his illnesses.^[7]

After Cicero's death Tiro bought an estate near Puteoli, where Jerome says he died in 4 BC at the age of ninety-nine.^[8]

Writings

He is believed to have collected and published Cicero's work after his death, and, it seems, was a prolific writer himself: several ancient writers refer to works of Tiro, now lost. Aulus Gellius says, " [he] wrote several books on the usage and theory of the Latin language and on miscellaneous questions of various kinds," and quotes him on the difference between Greek and Latin names for certain stars.^[9] Asconius Pedianus, in his commentaries on Cicero's speeches, refers to a biography of Cicero by Tiro in at least four books,^[10] and Plutarch refers to him as a source for two incidents in Cicero's life.^[11]

He is credited with inventing the shorthand system of Tironian notes, later used by Medieval monks, among others. There is no clear evidence that he did, although Plutarch credits Cicero's clerks as the first Romans to record speeches in shorthand.^[12]

Tiro in fiction

Tiro appears as a recurring character in Steven Saylor's Roma Sub Rosa crime fiction series, where he occupies the role of sometime sidekick to Saylor's investigator hero, Gordianus the Finder. He is the first-person narrator in the first two books of Robert Harris's biographical-fiction trilogy of Cicero: Imperium (2006), and Lustrum (2009, published in the US as Conspirata). Tiro appears in several books in the SPQR series by John Maddox Roberts.

Tiro (spelled Tyro) appears in the television programme Rome, played by Clive Riche in the episodes "Son of Hades", "These Being the Words of Marcus Tullius Cicero", "Heroes of the Republic", and "Philippi". This version of Tiro appears to be older than Cicero, and is only freed in Cicero's will.

References

^ Jerome, Chronological Tables 194.1
^ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 7.2
^ Cicero, Letters to Friends 11.22
^ Cicero, Letters to Friends 16.20
^ Cicero, Letters to Friends 16.23, 16.24
^ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 7.5
^ e.g. Cicero, Letters to Atticus 6.7; Letters to Friends 16.8, 16.9, 16.10, 16.11, 16.13, 16.15
^ Cicero, Letters to Friends 16.21; Jerome, Chronological Tables 194.1; William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vol. 3 p. 1182
^ Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 13.9 (Loeb edition, translated by John C. Rolfe, 1961)
^ Asconius Pedianus, In Milone 38
^ Plutarch, Cicero 41, 49
^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger 23.3

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における鉛中毒 adult lead poisoning

English Journal

Variation in Screening Abnormality Rates and Follow-Up of Breast, Cervical and Colorectal Cancer Screening within the PROSPR Consortium.

Tosteson AN1,2, Beaber EF3, Tiro J4, Kim J5, McCarthy AM6, Quinn VP7, Doria-Rose VP8, Wheeler CM9, Barlow WE10, Bronson M11, Garcia M3, Corley DA12, Haas JS13, Halm EA14, Kamineni A15, Rutter CM16, Tosteson TD11,17, Trentham-Dietz A18, Weaver DL19; PROSPR consortium.
Journal of general internal medicine.J Gen Intern Med.2016 Apr;31(4):372-9. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3552-7.
BACKGROUND: Primary care providers and health systems have prominent roles in guiding effective cancer screening.OBJECTIVE: To characterize variation in screening abnormality rates and timely initial follow-up for common cancer screening tests.DESIGN: Population-based cohort undergoing screening in
PMID 26658934

Validity of Single-Item Screening for Limited Health Literacy in English and Spanish Speakers.

Bishop WP1, Craddock Lee SJ1, Skinner CS1, Jones TM1, McCallister K1, Tiro JA1.
American journal of public health.Am J Public Health.2016 Mar 17:e1-e4. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate 3 single-item screening measures for limited health literacy in a community-based population of English and Spanish speakers.METHODS: We recruited 324 English and 314 Spanish speakers from a community research registry in Dallas, Texas, enrolled between 2009 and 2012. We us
PMID 26985600

Molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation by GH and GnRH of insulin-like growth factors I and II in white seabream (Diplodus sargus).

Pérez L1, Ortiz-Delgado JB2, Manchado M3.
Gene.Gene.2016 Mar 10;578(2):251-62. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.030. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II are key regulators of development, growth and reproduction in fish. In the present study we have cloned and characterized the cDNA and genomic sequences of IGF-I and IGF-II in the white seabream (Diplodus sargus). The igf1 and igf2 genes were encoded putati
PMID 26706220

Japanese Journal

La Actualizacion en el Pensamiento de Shoma Morita: A traves de Zen en el Arte del Tiro con Arco por Eugen Herrigel

東海大学紀要外国語教育センター (30), 81-90, 2009
NAID 40017079933

自然教育園で得られた土壌昆虫について(II)

自然教育園報告 12, 77-87, 1981-03
NAID 110004312628

Über einen Bestandteil der Santoninfreien Wurmsamen

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy 9(3), 91-93, 1933
NAID 130003491109

Related Pictures

tiro ao prato Archives - Olimpíada Todo Dia Tiro Olímpico. Juegos Olímpicos. Datos sobre el tiro olímpico Técnica fotográfica de tiro para tus salidas de caza iG Colunistas – Blog Espírito Olímpico, por Marcelo Laguna » 2011 » março Tiro no Pan 2011: Acompanhe as competições - UOL Pan 2011 Tiro al oro olímpico | Somos Olímpicos Educación Física y Cultura Física: TIRO OLÍMPICO: MÁXIMA PRECISIÓN Tiro a Volo, attività Nazionali: gli azzurri e le gare del 2018