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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/26 02:48:57」(JST)

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Thermoception or thermoreception is the sense by which an organism perceives temperatures. The details of how temperature receptors work are still being investigated. Ciliopathy is associated with decreased ability to sense heat, thus cilia may aid in the process.^[1] Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are believed to play a role in many species in sensation of hot, cold, and pain. Mammals have at least two types of sensor: those that detect heat (i.e., temperatures above body temperature) and those that detect cold (i.e. temperatures below body temperature).^{[citation needed]}

A particularly specialized form of thermoception is used by Crotalinae (pit viper) and Boidae (boa) snakes, which can effectively see the infrared radiation emitted by hot objects.^[2] The snakes' face has a pair of holes, or pits, lined with temperature sensors. The sensors indirectly detect infrared radiation by its heating effect on the skin inside the pit. They can work out which part of the pit is hottest, and therefore the direction of the heat source, which could be a warm-blooded prey animal. By combining information from both pits, the snake can also estimate the distance of the object.

The Common vampire bat has specialized infrared sensors in its nose-leaf.^[3]^[4] Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The infrared sense enables Desmodus to localize homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals (cattle, horses, wild mammals) within an range of about 10 to 15 cm. This infrared perception is possibly used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.

Other animals with specialized heat detectors are forest fire seeking beetles (Melanophila acuminata), which lay their eggs in conifers freshly killed by forest fires. Darkly pigmented butterflies Pachliopta aristolochiae and Troides rhadamathus use specialized heat detectors to avoid damage while basking. The blood sucking bugs Triatoma infestans may also have a specialised thermoception organ.

In humans, temperature sensation from thermoreceptors enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

References

^ "Can You Feel The Heat? Your Cilia Can". 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
^ E. A. Newman, P. H. Hartline (1982). The Infrared ‘vision’ of snakes. Scientific American 20:116-127.
^ L. Kürten, U. Schmidt, K. Schäfer (1984): Warm and Cold Receptors in the Nose of the Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus. Naturwissenschaften 71:327-28.
^ E. O. Gracheva, J. F. Codero-Morales, J. A. González-Carcaía, N. T. Ingolia, C. Manno, C. I. Aranguren, J. S. Weissman, D. Julius (2011). Ganglion-specific splicing of TRPV1 underlies infrared sensation in vampire bats. Nature 476:88-91.

English Journal

Thermosensing via transmembrane protein-lipid interactions.

Saita EA1, de Mendoza D2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Sep;1848(9):1757-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer containing proteins that cross and/or interact with lipids on either side of the two leaflets. The basic structure of cell membranes is this bilayer, composed of two opposing lipid monolayers with fascinating properties designed to perform all the funct
PMID 25906947

Negative and positive temperature dependence of potassium leak in MscS mutants: Implications for understanding thermosensitive channels.

Koprowski P1, Sliwinska MA2, Kubalski A2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Aug;1848(8):1678-86. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.04.019. Epub 2015 May 7.
Bacterial mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) is a protein, whose activity is modulated by membrane tension, voltage and cytoplasmic crowding. MscS is a homoheptamer and each monomer consists of three transmembrane helices (TM1-3). Hydrophobic pore of the channel is made of TM3s sur
PMID 25958301

A Sensor Array Using Multi-functional Field-effect Transistors with Ultrahigh Sensitivity and Precision for Bio-monitoring.

Kim DI1, Trung TQ1, Hwang BU1, Kim JS2, Jeon S3, Bae J4, Park JJ5, Lee NE6.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2015 Jul 30;5:12705. doi: 10.1038/srep12705.
Mechanically adaptive electronic skins (e-skins) emulate tactition and thermoception by cutaneous mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors in human skin, respectively. When exposed to multiple stimuli including mechanical and thermal stimuli, discerning and quantifying precise sensing signals from senso
PMID 26223845

Japanese Journal

Effects of Winter Savory (Satureja montana L.) on Peripheral Body Temperature of People Who Experience a 'Feeling of Cold' (Hie-Sho)

MASUDA Hideki,MORI Noriyuki,HIROOKA Saori,MATSUI Yoko,TSUKIYAMA Misako,WATANABE Yuki,NADAMOTO Tomonori
Food science and technology research 17(5), 429-436, 2011-09-01
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter savory (Satureja montana L.) on the peripheral body temperature of people who experience a 'feeling of cold' (hie-sho). We conducted a …
NAID 10030897072