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street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"

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酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/29 05:43:06」(JST)

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Structure of a teichoic acid from Micrococcaceae

Teichoic acids (cf. Greek τεῖχος, teīkhos, "wall", to be specific a fortification wall, as opposed to τοῖχος, toīkhos, a regular wall)^[1] are bacterial polysaccharides^[2] of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds.

Location and structure

Teichoic acids are found within the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria such as species in the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, and Listeria, and appear to extend to the surface of the peptidoglycan layer. Teichoic acids are not found in Gram-negative bacteria. They can be covalently linked to N-acetylmuramic acid of the peptidoglycan layer, to the lipids of the cytoplasmic membrane, or to a terminal D-alanine in the tetrapeptide crosslinkage between N-acetylmuramic acid units. Teichoic acids that remain anchored to lipids are referred to as lipoteichoic acids, whereas teichoic acids that are covalently bound to peptidoglycan are referred to as wall teichoic acids.

Function

The main function of teichoic acids is to provide rigidity to the cell-wall by attracting cations such as magnesium and sodium. Teichoic acids are usually, but not always, substituted with D-alanine ester residues,^[3] giving the molecule zwitterionic properties.^[4] These zwitterionic teichoic acids are suspected ligands for toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Teichoic acids also assist in regulation of cell growth by limiting the ability of autolysins to break the β(1-4) bond between the N-acetyl glucosamine and the N-acetylmuramic acid.

Lipoteichoic acids also act as receptor molecules for some Gram-positive bacteriophage.^[5] Evidence suggests teichoic acid may act as a bacteriophage receptor; however, this has not yet been conclusively supported.

References

^ τεῖχος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ Teichoic acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Knox KW, Wicken AJ (June 1973). "Immunological properties of teichoic acids". Bacteriological Reviews 37 (2): 215–57. PMC 413812. PMID 4578758.
^ Garimella R, Halye JL, Harrison W, Klebba PE, Rice CV (October 2009). "Conformation of the phosphate D-alanine zwitterion in bacterial teichoic acid from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Biochemistry 48 (39): 9242–9. doi:10.1021/bi900503k. PMID 19746945.
^ Raisanen, L., Draing, C., Pfizenmaier, M., Schubert, K., Jaakonsaari, T., Aulouck, S., Hartung, T. and Alatossava, T. (June 2007). "Molecular interaction between lipoteichoic acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii phages depends on the D-Alanyl and a-glucose substituion of poly(glycerophosphate) backbones". J.Bac: 4135–4140.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Bacillus anthracis lcp Genes Support Vegetative Growth, Envelope Assembly, and Spore Formation.

Liszewski Zilla M1, Lunderberg JM1, Schneewind O1, Missiakas D2.
Journal of bacteriology.J Bacteriol.2015 Dec 1;197(23):3731-41. doi: 10.1128/JB.00656-15. Epub 2015 Sep 21.
Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen, replicates as chains of vegetative cells by regulating the separation of septal peptidoglycan. Surface (S)-layer proteins and B. anthracis S-layer-associated proteins (BSLs) function as chain length determinants and are assembled in the envelope by bindi
PMID 26391207

Teichoic acid is the major polysaccharide present in the Listeria monocytogenes biofilm matrix.

Brauge T1, Sadovskaya I2, Faille C3, Benezech T3, Maes E4, Guerardel Y4, Midelet-Bourdin G5.
FEMS microbiology letters.FEMS Microbiol Lett.2015 Nov 30. pii: fnv229. [Epub ahead of print]
The aim of this study was to characterize the Listeria monocytogenes biofilm and particularly the nature of the carbohydrates in the biofilm extracellular matrix and culture supernatant versus to cell wall carbohydrates. L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a and 4b strains were able to form complex biofilm
PMID 26626878

A synthetic lethal approach for compound and target identification in Staphylococcus aureus.

Pasquina L1, Santa Maria JP Jr1, McKay Wood B1, Moussa SH1, Matano LM1, Santiago M1, Martin SE1, Lee W1, Meredith TC1,2, Walker S1.
Nature chemical biology.Nat Chem Biol.2015 Nov 30. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1967. [Epub ahead of print]
The majority of bacterial proteins are dispensable for growth in the laboratory but nevertheless have important physiological roles. There are no systematic approaches to identify cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors of these proteins. We demonstrate a strategy to identify such inhibitors that e
PMID 26619249

Japanese Journal

Adsorption of rare earth ions onto the cell walls of wild-type and lipoteichoic acid-defective strains of Bacillus subtilis

Moriwaki Hiroshi,Koide Remi,Yoshikawa Ritsuko,Warabino Yuya,Yamamoto Hiroki
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 97(8), 3721-3728, 2013-04
… The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of cell walls of wild-type and lipoteichoic acid-defective strains of Bacillus subtilis 168 to adsorb rare earth ions. … The rare earth ions were efficiently adsorbed onto powders of both wild-type strain (WT powder) and lipoteichoic acid-defective strain (a dagger LTA powder) at pH 3. … These results indicate that rare earth ions are adsorbed to functional groups, such as phosphate and carboxyl groups, of lipoteichoic acid. …
NAID 120005458463

Effect of D-Alanine in Teichoic Acid from the Streptococcus thermophilus Cell Wall on the Barrier-Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

MIYAUCHI Eiji,MORITA Maho,ROSSI Mauro [他],MORITA Hidetoshi,SUZUKI Takuya,TANABE Soichi
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 76(2), 283-288, 2012-02-23
… D-Alanylation of teichoic acid (TA) affects various functions of Gram-positive bacteria, including immunomodulatory effects. …
NAID 10030399670