関: taxon

WordNet

the imposition of taxes; the practice of the government in levying taxes on the subjects of a state
(of goods or funds) subject to taxation; "taxable income"; "nonexempt property" (同)nonexempt
(of goods or funds) not subject to taxation; "the funds of nonprofit organizations are nontaxable"; "income exempt from taxation" (同)exempt
liability to taxation
make a charge against or accuse; "They taxed him failure to appear in court"
charge against a citizens person or property or activity for the support of government (同)taxation, revenue enhancement
set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine) (同)assess
use to the limit; "you are taxing my patience" (同)task
levy a tax on; "The State taxes alcohol heavily"; "Clothing is not taxed in our state"

PrepTutorEJDIC

課税,徴税;税制 / (支払うべき)税金,課税額
税金がかかる;課税できる
〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)税,税金《+on(upon)+名》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(…にとっての)『重荷』,過酷な要求《+on(upon)+名》 / 〈物品・人〉‘に'『課税する』,税金をかける / …‘に'『重荷を負わせる,』負担をかける / (…の理由で)〈人〉‘を'責める《名〈人)+with+名(doing)》
ありがと

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/14 15:32:32」(JST)

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African elephants form the genus Loxodonta, a widely accepted taxon.

In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is not uncommon, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.

Although preceded by Linnaeus's system in Systema Naturae (10th edition, 1758)^[1] and unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, the notion of a unit-based "natural system" of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 through the publication, as the introduction to the third edition of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Flore françoise, of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Principes élémentaires de botanique, an exposition of a system for the "natural classification" of plants. Since then, systematists have striven to construct an accurate classification encompassing the diversity of life; today, a "good" or "useful" taxon is commonly taken to be one that reflects evolutionary relationships.^{[n 1]}

Many modern systematists, such as advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature, use cladistic methods that require taxa to be monophyletic (all descendants of some ancestor). Their basic unit, therefore, is the clade rather than the taxon. Similarly, among those contemporary taxonomists working with the traditional Linnean (binomial) nomenclature, few propose taxa they know to be paraphyletic.^[2] An example of a well-established taxon that is not also a clade is the class Reptilia, the reptiles.

History

The term taxon was first used in 1926 by Adolf Meyer-Abich for animal groups. For plants, it was proposed by Herman Johannes Lam in 1948, and it was adopted at the VII International Botanical Congress, held in 1950.^[3]

Definition

The Glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) defines^[4] a

"taxon, (pl. taxa), n.

A taxonomic unit, whether named or not: i.e. a population, or group of populations of organisms which are usually inferred to be phylogenetically related and which have characters in common which differentiate (q.v.) the unit (e.g. a geographic population, a genus, a family, an order) from other such units. A taxon encompasses all included taxa of lower rank (q.v.) and individual organisms. [...]"

Ranks

The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

A taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank, usually (but not necessarily) when it is given a formal name.

"Phylum" applies formally to any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc.

A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix super- indicates a rank above, the prefix sub- indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix infra- indicates a rank below sub-. For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass.

Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular systematic schema. For example, liverworts have been grouped, in various systems of classification, as a family, order, class, or division (phylum). The use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of cladistics; for example, the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families (governed by the ICZN) and animal phyla (usually the highest relevant rank in taxonomic work) often cannot adequately represent the evolutionary history as more about a lineage's phylogeny becomes known. In addition, the class rank is quite often not an evolutionary but a phenetic or paraphyletic group and as opposed to those ranks governed by the ICZN (family-level, genus-level and species-level taxa), can usually not be made monophyletic by exchanging the taxa contained therein. This has given rise to phylogenetic taxonomy and the ongoing development of the PhyloCode, which has been proposed as a new alternative to replace Linnean classification and govern the application of names to clades. Many cladists do not see any need to depart from traditional nomenclature as governed by the ICZN, ICN, etc.

Notes

^ This is not considered as mandatory, however, as indicated by terms for non-monophyletic groupings ("invertebrates", "conifers", "fish", etc).

References

^ Quammen, David (June 2007). "A Passion for Order". National Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
^ de Queiroz, K & J Gauthier (1990). "Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names" (PDF). Systematic Zoology. 39 (4): 307–322. doi:10.2307/2992353. JSTOR 2992353.
^ Naik, V. N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, p. 2.
^ ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Glossary. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

External links

English Journal

Changes of bacterioplankton apparent species richness in two ornamental fish aquaria.

Vlahos N, Kormas KA, Pachiadaki MG, Meziti A, Hotos GN, Mente E.SourceDepartment of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, 384 46 Greece ; Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries Management, Technological Educational Institute of Mesolonghi, Mesolonghi, 30 200 Greece.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):66. Epub 2013 Feb 23.
We analysed the 16S rRNA gene diversity within the bacterioplankton community in the water column of the ornamental fish Pterophyllum scalare and Archocentrus nigrofasciatus aquaria during a 60-day growth experiment in order to detect any dominant bacterial species and their possible association wit
PMID 23519098

European rodent on the edge: status and distribution of the Vojvodina blind mole rat.

Németh A, Krnács G, Krizsik V, Révay T, Czabán D, Stojnić N, Farkas J, Csorba G.SourceDepartment of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):2. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
Recent research of blind mole rats of the species complex Nannospalax (superspecies leucodon) identified a small and fragmented population of these rodents on both sides of the Hungarian-Serbian border. Cytogenetic investigations proved that this population karyologically identical with the Vojvodin
PMID 23459680

Low frequency ultrasound and UV-C for elimination of pathogens in recirculating aquaculture systems.

Bazyar Lakeh AA, Kloas W, Jung R, Ariav R, Knopf K.SourceLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: bazyar@igb-berlin.de.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2013 Sep;20(5):1211-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.01.008. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
Low frequency ultrasound (LFUS) was evaluated as a novel disinfection technique within recirculating aquaculture systems both individually and combined with UV-C. Dose-dependent inactivation rates were determined for the total viable counts and model organisms representing different taxa of common f
PMID 23434531

Japanese Journal

Carbon isotope stratigraphy and depositional oxia through Cenomanian/Turonian boundary sequences (Upper Cretaceous) in New Zealand

Hasegawa Takashi,Crampton James,Schiøler Poul,Field Brad,Fukushi Keisuke,Kakizaki Yoshihiro
Cretaceous Research 40, 61-80, 2013-03
… The correlative interval is identified, however, from a positive 2‰ carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and from clustered highest occurrences of Cenomanian-restricted dinoflagellate taxa together with the lowest occurrence of Turonian Heterosphaeridium difficile. …
NAID 120004442390

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF KALMIA L. (PHYLLODOCEAE, ERICACEAE) AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

Sarwar A.K.M.Golam,Takahashi Hideki
Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 19(2), 123-133, 2012-12
… Pollen morphology of seven taxa of Kalmia was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM, respectively), or SEM alone, in search of new characters that might contribute to infrageneric classification of the genus. …
NAID 120005133344

Sparse Logistic Normal Multinomial Regression for Modeling Over-dispersed Count Data with an Application to Microbiome Data Analysis(Session 2B(IASC-ARS))

XIA FAN,Chen Jun,Fung Wingkam,Li Hongzhe
日本計算機統計学会シンポジウム論文集 (26), 157-160, 2012-11-01
… One important problem of microbiome data analysis is to identify the environmental/biological covariates that are associated with different bacterial taxa. … Taxa count data in microbiome studies are often over-dispersed and include many zeros. … The model can naturally account for sampling variabilities and zero observations and also allow for a flexible covariance structure among the bacterial taxa. …
NAID 110009553659