steamy

　

WordNet

1. rise as vapor
2. cook something by letting steam pass over it; "just steam the vegetables"
3. water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere
4. clean by means of steaming; "steam-clean the upholstered sofa" (同)steam clean
5. emit steam; "The rain forest was literally steaming"
6. get very angry; "her indifference to his amorous advances really steamed the young man"
7. filled with steam or emitting moisture in the form of vapor or mist; "a steaming kettle"; "steamy towels" (同)steamy

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 蒸気から成る,蒸気のような / 蒸気の多い,湯気で曇った / 湿気の多い
2. 『蒸気』,湯気,水蒸気 / 蒸気の力 / 《話》力,精,力,元気 / …‘を'蒸気にさらす,蒸す / 『[水]蒸気を出す』,湯気をたてる《+『away』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》蒸気で動く / 《話》怒る,いきまく

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/10 15:36:51」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For the software distribution platform, see Steam (software). For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation).

Liquid phase eruption of Castle Geyser in Yellowstone Park

A temperature-versus-entropy diagram for steam

A Mollier enthalpy-versus-entropy diagram for steam

Steam is water in the gas phase, which is formed when water boils. Steam is invisible; however, "steam" incorrectly often refers to the visible mist or aerosol of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses. At lower pressures, such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high mountains, water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 °C (212 °F) at standard temperature and pressure. If heated further it becomes superheated steam.

The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to turn water into the gaseous form when it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines, which are a sub-group of steam engines. Piston type steam engines played a central role to the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80% of the world's electricity. If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot substance (such as lava, or molten metal) it can create a steam explosion. Steam explosions have been responsible for many foundry accidents, and may also have been responsible for much of the damage to the plant in the Chernobyl disaster.

Types of steam and conversions

Steam is traditionally created by heating a boiler via burning coal and other fuels, but it is also possible to create steam with solar energy. Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam. As wet steam is heated further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor–liquid equilibrium.

Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point for the pressure, which only occurs where all liquid water has evaporated or has been removed from the system.

Steam tables contain thermodynamic data for water/steam and are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used. Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as a temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful. Steam charts are also used for analysing thermodynamic cycles.

enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagram for steam	pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram for steam	temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for steam

Uses

Agricultural

In agriculture, steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health.

Domestic

Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. "Steam showers" are actually low-temperature mist-generators, and do not actually use steam.

Electricity generation (and cogeneration)

About 90% of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines.

In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system, which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants.

Energy storage

Fireless steam locomotive

Despite the resemblance to a boiler, note the lack of a chimney and also how the cylinders are at the cab end, not the chimney end.

In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water's high heat of vaporization.

Fireless steam locomotives were steam locomotives that operated from a supply of steam stored on board in a large tank resembling a conventional locomotive's boiler. This tank was filled by process steam, as is available in many sorts of large factory, such as paper mills. The locomotive's propulsion used pistons and connecting rods, as for a typical steam locomotive. These locomotives were mostly used in places where there was a risk of fire from a boiler's firebox, but were also used in factories that simply had a plentiful supply of steam to spare.

Lifting gas

Owing to its low molecular mass, steam is an effective lifting gas, providing approximately 60% as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air. It is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, however, leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope. These factors have limited its use thus far to mostly demonstration projects.

Mechanical effort

Steam engines and steam turbines use the expansion of steam to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important. Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximizes the energy efficiency, but such wet-steam conditions must be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behavior of steam engines. Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity.

Sterilization

An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization.

Steam, especially dry (highly superheated) steam, may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization. Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent.

Steam in piping

Steam is used in piping for utility lines. It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels.

Wood treatment

Steam is used in the process of wood bending, killing insects and increasing plasticity.

Concrete treatment

Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates. Care should be taken since concrete produces heat during hydration and additional heat from the steam could be detrimental to hardening reaction processes of the concrete.

Cleaning

Used in cleaning of fibers, sometimes prior to painting.

See also

• Electrification
• Food steamer or steam cooker
• Geyser—geothermally-generated steam
• IAPWS—an association that maintains international-standard correlations for the thermodynamic properties of steam, including IAPWS-IF97 (for use in industrial simulation and modelling) and IAPWS-95 (a general purpose and scientific correlation).
• Industrial Revolution
• Live steam
• Mass production
• Nuclear power—and power plants use steam to generate electricity
• Oxyhydrogen
• Psychrometrics—moist air/vapor mixtures, humidity and air conditioning
• Steam locomotive

References

External links

• Steam Tables & Charts by National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST

Wikiversity has steam tables with figures and Matlab code

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. コンタクトレンズの合併症 complications of contact lenses

English Journal

• The runaway greenhouse: implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres.

• Goldblatt C, Watson AJ.Author information School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6. czg@uvic.caAbstractThe ultimate climate emergency is a 'runaway greenhouse': a hot and water-vapour-rich atmosphere limits the emission of thermal radiation to space, causing runaway warming. Warming ceases only after the surface reaches approximately 1400 K and emits radiation in the near-infrared, where water is not a good greenhouse gas. This would evaporate the entire ocean and exterminate all planetary life. Venus experienced a runaway greenhouse in the past, and we expect that the Earth will in around 2 billion years as solar luminosity increases. But could we bring on such a catastrophe prematurely, by our current climate-altering activities? Here, we review what is known about the runaway greenhouse to answer this question, describing the various limits on outgoing radiation and how climate will evolve between these. The good news is that almost all lines of evidence lead us to believe that is unlikely to be possible, even in principle, to trigger full a runaway greenhouse by addition of non-condensible greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the dynamics, thermodynamics, radiative transfer and cloud physics of hot and steamy atmospheres is weak. We cannot therefore completely rule out the possibility that human actions might cause a transition, if not to full runaway, then at least to a much warmer climate state than the present one. High climate sensitivity might provide a warning. If we, or more likely our remote descendants, are threatened with a runaway greenhouse, then geoengineering to reflect sunlight might be life's only hope. Injecting reflective aerosols into the stratosphere would be too short-lived, and even sunshades in space might require excessive maintenance. In the distant future, modifying Earth's orbit might provide a sustainable solution. The runaway greenhouse also remains relevant in planetary sciences and astrobiology: as extrasolar planets smaller and nearer to their stars are detected, some will be in a runaway greenhouse state.
• Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci.2012 Sep 13;370(1974):4197-216. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0004.
• The ultimate climate emergency is a 'runaway greenhouse': a hot and water-vapour-rich atmosphere limits the emission of thermal radiation to space, causing runaway warming. Warming ceases only after the surface reaches approximately 1400 K and emits radiation in the near-infrared, where water is not
• PMID 22869797

• Hot and steamy: outbreak of Bacillus cereus in Singapore associated with construction work and laundry practices.

• Balm MN, Jureen R, Teo C, Yeoh AE, Lin RT, Dancer SJ, Fisher DA.Author information Infection Control, National University Health System, Singapore. michelle_balm@nuhs.edu.sgAbstractBACKGROUND: A sudden increase in invasive infections caused by Bacillus cereus group organisms prompted an investigation at the National University Hospital in Singapore.
• The Journal of hospital infection.J Hosp Infect.2012 Aug;81(4):224-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.04.022. Epub 2012 Jun 15.
• BACKGROUND: A sudden increase in invasive infections caused by Bacillus cereus group organisms prompted an investigation at the National University Hospital in Singapore.AIM: To describe the investigation and management and subsequent difficulties controlling the outbreak.METHODS: Clinical case revi
• PMID 22704635

• The steam laboratory of the Institut de Médecine Navale du Service de Santé des Armées: a set of tools in the service of the French Navy.

• Desruelle AV, Schmid B.Author information Institut de Médecine Navale du Service de Santé des Armées, 83800 Toulon Naval, France. adesruelle@yahoo.frAbstractAccidental exposure to hot water steam is a potential risk in the French Navy, and particularly on nuclear submarines or ships. Direct human exposure to this extreme environment during an accident leads to death in a short time. In order to protect the crew members of the French Navy, a laboratory was created at the Institut de Médecine Navale du Service de Santé des Armées (IMNSSA). A set of tools was developed to study the effects of exposure to hot water steam atmospheres on human physiology and on the protective capacities of textile fabrics and equipment. A testing device allows the quantification of the protective capacities of fabrics under steam stresses. A thermal manikin and a steam climatic chamber allow the evaluation of the protective capacities of equipment. The tests on fabrics and on garments were in good agreement. Water vapour impermeable fabrics and garments provide greater protection in steamy conditions. Moreover, the thicker the sample or garment, the higher the protection it gives. Care should be taken to verify that fabrics keep their thermal characteristics under steam stress. These characteristics, measured under standard comfortable conditions, are not always indicative of the protective abilities of the fabrics under steamy conditions.
• European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2004 Sep;92(6):630-5.
• Accidental exposure to hot water steam is a potential risk in the French Navy, and particularly on nuclear submarines or ships. Direct human exposure to this extreme environment during an accident leads to death in a short time. In order to protect the crew members of the French Navy, a laboratory w
• PMID 15205957

Japanese Journal

• 蒸気タービンブレードに対する高速回転下での撮影システムの開発

• レーザー研究 = The review of laser engineering : レーザー学会誌 42(12), 923-928, 2014-12
• NAID 40020307235

• スギ平角材の最適乾燥材生産システムの開発 : 大分方式乾燥及び高周波蒸気複合乾燥による期間短縮

• 大分県農林水産研究指導センター研究報告. Bulletin of Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center (2), 1-7, 2012-03
• NAID 40019420270

• I113 カーボンナノチューブ配合熱媒の高性能化を活用した超小型の蒸気発生器の開発(一般講演(2))

• 熱工学コンファレンス講演論文集 2011, 209-210, 2011-10-28
• NAID 110009656870

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• steamyの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

steamyとは。意味や和訳。[形]（-i・er, -i・est）1 蒸気の（ような）.2 水蒸気の多い[を出す]；湯気がたちこめた；湯気で曇った.3 高温多湿の.4 ((略式))エロチックな, セクシーな.steam・i・ly[副]steam・i・ness[名] - goo辞書は国語、英和 ...

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関連記事

「steam」

「steam」

　　[★]

• 蒸気、水蒸気

関

vapor、vapour、water vapor