関: sporangia

WordNet

organ containing or producing spores (同)spore_case, spore sac
genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae (同)genus Gymnosporangium
a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns
a plant structure that produces megaspores (同)macrosporangium
a plant structure that produces microspores
a sporangium containing four asexual spores

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/08 09:39:47」(JST)

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Mature sporangium of an Absidia mold

Moss sporangia

Sporangia (sori) on a fern leaf

Scanning electron micrograph of fern leptosporangia

Equisetum arvense strobilus cut open to reveal sporangia

A sporangium (pl., sporangia^[1]) (modern Latin, from Greek σπόρος (sporos) ‘spore’ + αγγείον (angeion) ‘vessel’) is an enclosure in which spores are formed.^[2] It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.

Fungi

Structure containing the spores in fungal species.

Land plants

In mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous (only one kind of spore is produced). Some bryophytes, most lycophytes, and some ferns are heterosporous (two kinds of spores are produced). These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which give rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female, respectively. In some cases, both kinds of spores are produced in the same sporangium, and may even develop together as part of a spore tetrad. However, in most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia. A few ferns (Salviniaceae and Marsileaceae) and most lycophytes (the genera Selaginella and Isoetes and the extinct lepidodendrids) are heterosporous with two kinds of sporangia, as are all the seed plants.

Sporangia can be terminal (on the tips) or lateral (placed along the side) of stems or associated with leaves. In ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori. Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along (or just in from) the margin of the leaf.

Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on adaxial surface (the upper side) of leaves or laterally on stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls. If the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are typically located within strobili or flowers.

Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls which are aggregated into strobili. Megasporangia are formed within ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants (all cycads are dioecious). Conifers typically bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated into papery pollen strobili, and the ovules, are located on modified stem axes forming compound ovuliferous cone scales. Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens (typically four microsporangia per anther) and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries. In all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium. The microspores become microgametophytes (pollen). The megaspores become megagametophytes (embryo sacs).

Eusporangia and leptosporangia

Categorized based on developmental sequence, eusporangia and leptosporangia are differentiated in the vascular plants.

In a leptosporangium, found only in ferns, development involves a single initial cell that becomes the stalk, wall, and spores within the sporangium. There are around 64 spores in a leptosporangium.
In a eusporangium, characteristic of all other vascular plants and some primitive ferns, the initials are in a layer (i.e., more than one). A eusporangium is larger (hence contain more spores), and its wall is multi-layered. Although the wall may be stretched and damaged, resulting in only one cell-layer remaining.

Synangium

A cluster of sporangia that have become fused in development is called a synangium. This structure is most prominent in Psilotum and Marattiaceae such as Christensenia, Danaea and Marattia.

Internal structures

A columella (pl. columellae) is a sterile (non-reproductive) structure that extends into and supports the sporangium. In fungi, the columella, which may be branched or unbranched, may be of fungal or host origin. Secotium species have a simple, unbranched columella, while in Gymnoglossum species, the columella is branched. In some Geastrum species, the columella appears as an extension of the stalk into the spore mass (gleba).^[3]

References

^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sporangium
^ Rost, Barbour, Stocking, Murphy, 2006Plant Biology, 2nd EditionThompson Brooks/Cole
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

English Journal

Streptosporangium subfuscum sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.).

Zhou Y1, Liu C, Zhang Y, Li C, Xing J, Li L, Zhou S, Wang X, Xiang W.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.2014 Dec;106(6):1231-8. doi: 10.1007/s10482-014-0293-2. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
A Gram-stain positive, filamentous bacterial strain, designated strain NEAU-TWSJ13(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of a marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plant collected in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was observed to form abundan
PMID 25256952

Effect of temperature on growth and sporulation of US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages of Phytophthora infestans and implications for late blight epidemiology.

Seidl Johnson AC1, Frost KE, Rouse DI, Gevens AJ.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2014 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Epidemics of late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary have been studied by plant pathologists and regarded with great concern by potato and tomato growers since recognized as a cause of the Irish potato famine in the 1840s. Phytophthora infestans populations have continued to evo
PMID 25423069

Transcriptomic analysis of the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora cactorum provides insights into infection-related effectors.

Chen XR, Zhang BY, Xing YP, Li QY, Li YP, Tong YH, Xu JY.
BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2014 Nov 18;15(1):980. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Phytophthora cactorum, a hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen, can cause destructive diseases on numerous crops worldwide, leading to essential economic losses every year. However, little has been known about its molecular pathogenicity mechanisms. To gain insight into its repertoire of effe
PMID 25406848

Japanese Journal

海藻という植物(17)海藻の養殖(その3)

横浜康継
海洋と生物 32(3), 250-261, 2010-06
NAID 40017202446

ツボカビを考慮に入れた湖沼食物網の解析(宮地賞受賞者総説)

鏡味麻衣子
日本生態学会誌 58(2), 71-80, 2008-07-30
食物網動態を解析する上で、寄生者はその小ささから無視される傾向にある。しかし、湖沼の食物網において、植物プランクトンに寄生するツボカビは重要な役割を果たす事が明らかになってきた。分子生物学の発展と培養系の確立によって、これまで困難であったツボカビの種多様性や遺伝的多様性の解析、ツボカビ症の蔓延機構の解明、寄生寄生者間の共進化関係の検証など、生態学的研究の可能性も広がっている。本稿では、ツボカビにつ …
NAID 110006839603

Chromosome Numbers, Spores and Sporangial Annuli of Gymnocarpium oyamense (Woodsiaceae) and the Inferred Cytogeography

NAKATO NARUMI,SAHASHI NORIO,KATO MASAHIRO
APG : Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica 57(3), 219-232, 2007-01-10
Cytological observations of the Japanese Gymnocarpium oyamense revealed the presence of diploids, triploids and tetraploids (x=40). Diploids have smaller spores than tetraploids. The Japanese diploids …
NAID 110006318353