spoiled

　

WordNet

1. having the character or disposition harmed by pampering or oversolicitous attention; "a spoiled child" (同)spoilt
2. having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence; "the raped countryside" (同)pillaged, raped, ravaged, sacked
3. become unfit for consumption or use; "the meat must be eaten before it spoils" (同)go bad
4. (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war); "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy"
5. the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it; "her spoiling my dress was deliberate" (同)spoiling, spoilage
6. the act of stripping and taking by force (同)spoliation, spoilation, despoilation, despoilment, despoliation

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 害されない,損なわれない
2. 〈物事〉‘を'『だいなしにする』,損なう / 〈子供など〉‘を'『甘やかしてだめにする』,増長させる / 《古》(…を)…‘から'奪う《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉『だいなしになる』,だめになる / 〈C〉《複数形で》『略奪品』,強奪品,戦利品 / 〈C〉《複数形で》《おもに米》(政権をとった政党が支持者に与える)利権,役職 / 〈U〉(採鉱・発掘などの際に廃棄される,土・石などの)くずもの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/18 04:46:57」(JST)

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"Spoiled" redirects here. For the concept of spoilage, see decomposition. For other uses, see Spoiled (disambiguation).

A spoiled child, spoiled brat, or simply a brat is a derogatory term aimed at a child who exhibits behavioral problems from being overindulged by their parents. Children and teens who are perceived as spoiled may be described as "overindulged", "grandiose", "narcissistic" or "egocentric-regressed". Perception is an important term, because when the child is suffering from a disability such as autism , ADD or intellectual disability, observers may judge them as "spoiled" without an understanding of the whole picture. There is no accepted scientific definition of what "spoiled" means, and professionals are often unwilling to use the label because it is considered vague and derogatory. Being spoiled is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV, neither is it part of the proposed revision of this manual, the DSM-5.

Spoiled child syndrome

Richard Weaver, in his work Ideas Have Consequences, introduced the term “spoiled child psychology” in 1948. In 1989, Bruce McIntosh coined the term the "spoiled child syndrome". The syndrome is characterized by "excessive, self-centered, and immature behavior". It includes lack of consideration for other people, recurrent temper tantrums, an inability to handle the delay of gratification, demands for having one's own way, obstructiveness, and manipulation to get their way. McIntosh attributed the syndrome to "the failure of parents to enforce consistent, age-appropriate limits", but others, such as Aylward, note that temperament is probably a contributory factor. It is important to note that the temper tantrums are recurrent. McIntosh observes that "many of the problem behaviors that cause parental concern are unrelated to spoiling as properly understood". Children may have occasional temper tantrums without them falling under the umbrella of "spoiled". Extreme cases of spoiled child syndrome, in contrast, will involve frequent temper tantrums, physical aggression, defiance, destructive behavior, and refusal to comply with even the simple demands of daily tasks. This can be similar to the profile of children diagnosed with Pathological Demand Avoidance, which is part of the autism spectrum.

Etiology

• Failure of parents to enforce consistent, age-appropriate limits.
• Parents shielding the child from normal everyday frustrations.
• Provision of excessive material gifts, even when the child has not behaved appropriately.
• Improper role models provided by parents.
• Social disabilities, such as ADHD, Autism, ODD, and PDA, are not evidence of a child being spoiled.

Differential diagnosis

Children with underlying medical or mental health problems may exhibit some of the symptoms. Indeed, where the difficulties are not predicated in the parental-child nexus, many loving parents may be judged as "spoiling" instead of affirmed. Speech or hearing disorders, and attention deficit disorder, may lead to children's failing to understand the limits set by parents. Children who have recently experienced a stressful event, such as the separation of the parents (divorce) or the birth or death of a close family relative, may also exhibit some or all of the symptoms. Children of parents who themselves have psychiatric disorders may manifest some of the symptoms, because the parents behave erratically, sometimes failing to perceive their children's behavior correctly, and thus fail to properly or consistently define limits of normal behavior for them.

Prevention

Parents can seek advice, support, and encouragement to empower them in parenthood from diverse sources.

Treatment

Treatment by a physician involves assessing parental competence, and whether the parents set limits correctly and consistently. Physicians should rule out dysfunction in the family, referring dysfunctional families for family therapy and dysfunctional parents for parenting skills training, and counsel parents in methods for modifying their child's behavior.

Infants

In early infancy, a baby seeks food, contact, and comfort by crying. This behavior should be viewed as a distress signal indicating that some biological need is not being met. Although parents sometimes worry about spoiling their children by giving them too much attention, specialists in child development maintain that babies cannot be spoiled in the first six months of life. During the first year, children are developing a sense of basic trust and attachment. In general, the more attention and care they receive from their parents, the better.

Only children

Main article: Only child

Alfred Adler (1870–1937) believed that "only children" were likely to experience a variety of problems from their situation. Adler theorized that because only children have no rivals for their parents' affection, they will become pampered and spoiled, particularly by their mother. He suggested that this could later cause interpersonal difficulties if the person is not universally liked and admired.

A 1987 quantitative review of 141 studies on 16 different personality traits contradicted Adler's theory. This research found no evidence of any "spoilage" or other pattern of maladjustment in only children. The major finding was that only children are not very different from children with siblings. The main exception to this was the finding that only children are generally higher in achievement motivation. A second analysis revealed that only children, first-borns, and children with only one sibling score higher on tests of verbal ability than later-borns and children with multiple siblings.

Later life

Spoiling in early childhood tends to create characteristic reactions that persist, fixed, into later life. These can cause significant social problems. Spoiled children may have difficulty coping with situations such as teachers scolding them or refusing to grant extensions on homework assignments, playmates refusing to allow them to play with their toys and playmates refusing playdates with them, a loss in friends, failure in employment, and failure with personal relationships. As adults, spoiled children may experience problems with anger management, professionalism, and personal relationships; a link with adult psychopathy has been observed. Some of these observed difficulties may arise from undiagnosed disabilities including ADHD and Autism.

See also

• Child discipline
• Little Emperor Syndrome
• Oppositional defiant disorder
• Parenting

References

Further reading

• Bruce J. McIntosh (January 1989). "Spoiled Child Syndrome". Pediatrics. 83 (1): 108–115. PMID 2642617. 
• Eileen Gallo; Jon J. Gallo & Kevin J. Gallo (2001). Silver Spoon Kids: How to Raise a Responsible Child in an Age of Affluence. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-8092-9437-0. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの評価における神経画像 neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy
• 2. ビタミンＫおよびγカルボキシグルタミン酸の合成 vitamin k and the synthesis of gamma carboxyglutamic acid
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• 4. クッシング症候群の原因の特定 establishing the cause of cushings syndrome
• 5. 味覚および嗅覚障害の評価および治療 evaluation and treatment of taste and smell disorders

English Journal

• Evaluation of the spoilage potential of bacteria isolated from spoiled cooked whole tropical shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) stored under modified atmosphere packaging.

• Macé S1, Cardinal M2, Jaffrès E3, Cornet J2, Lalanne V4, Chevalier F2, Sérot T4, Pilet MF3, Dousset X3, Joffraud JJ5.Author information 1LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Université Nantes, UMR1014 Secalim, Nantes F-44307, France; INRA, Nantes F-44307, France; Ifremer, Laboratoire Science et Technologie de la Biomasse Marine, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.2Ifremer, Laboratoire Science et Technologie de la Biomasse Marine, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.3LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Université Nantes, UMR1014 Secalim, Nantes F-44307, France; INRA, Nantes F-44307, France.4LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Université Nantes, UMR 6144 GEPEA, Flavor Unit, F-44307, France; CNRS, Nantes F-44307, France.5Ifremer, Laboratoire Science et Technologie de la Biomasse Marine, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France. Electronic address: jean.jacques.joffraud@ifremer.fr.AbstractThe spoilage potential of isolates belonging to five bacterial groups/species (Shewanella baltica, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio sp., "other Gamma-Proteobacteria" [containing one strain of Pseudoalteromonas sp. and one strain of Psychrobacter sp.]) isolated from spoiled cooked and whole tropical shrimp stored under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was evaluated by inoculation into ionized cooked and peeled tropical shrimp followed by storage for 32 days at 8 °C. Microbial growth and sensory changes were monitored during the storage period. The major spoilage bacterial isolate groups were C. maltaromaticum and S. baltica. In order to characterize their spoilage potential further and to study the effect of their interactions, each of these two specific spoilage organisms (SSO) and one mixed-culture, C. maltaromaticum/S. baltica, were tested using a combination of complementary methods: molecular (PCR-TTGE), sensory, chemical, and conventional microbiological analyses. It was concluded that, in the mixed-culture-inoculated samples, both species groups imposed their spoilage characteristics.
• Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Jun;40:9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.018. Epub 2013 Dec 9.
• The spoilage potential of isolates belonging to five bacterial groups/species (Shewanella baltica, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio sp., "other Gamma-Proteobacteria" [containing one strain of Pseudoalteromonas sp. and one strain of Psychrobacter sp.]) isolated from spoile
• PMID 24549192

• The spoilage characteristics of Brochothrix thermosphacta and two psychrotolerant Enterobacteriacae in vacuum packed lamb and the comparison between high and low pH cuts.

• Gribble A1, Mills J2, Brightwell G3.Author information 1Food Assurance and Meat Quality, AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.2Food Assurance and Meat Quality, AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.3Food Assurance and Meat Quality, AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. Electronic address: gale.brightwell@agresearch.co.nz.AbstractThe spoilage potential of Brochothrix thermosphacta, Serratia proteamaculans and Rahnella aquatilis was investigated in vacuum packaged high (5.9 to 6.4) and low (5.4 to 5.8) pH lamb. Vacuum packaged fore shank (m. extensor carpi radialis) and striploins (m. longissimus dorsi) (n=306) inoculated with ~100CFU of individual bacteria were stored for twelve weeks at temperatures -1.5, 0, 2 and 7°C. Spoilage characteristics and bacterial numbers were recorded and analysed in comparison to un-inoculated control samples. All three bacterial species were shown to grow in vacuum packaged lamb of pH values between 5.4 and 6.4, when stored at chilled temperatures (-1.5 to 7°C) for up to 84days. B. thermosphacta and S. proteamaculans caused spoilage to the meat under these conditions whilst R. aquatilis spoiled high pH meat at 7°C. These results go against previous beef models stipulating that Brochothrix and Enterobacteriacae species cannot grow on or cause spoilage of low pH meat in the absence of oxygen.
• Meat science.Meat Sci.2014 May;97(1):83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Jan 22.
• The spoilage potential of Brochothrix thermosphacta, Serratia proteamaculans and Rahnella aquatilis was investigated in vacuum packaged high (5.9 to 6.4) and low (5.4 to 5.8) pH lamb. Vacuum packaged fore shank (m. extensor carpi radialis) and striploins (m. longissimus dorsi) (n=306) inoculated wit
• PMID 24548927

• Shame, self-acceptance and disclosure in the lives of gay men living with HIV: An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach.

• Skinta MD1, Brandrett BD, Schenk WC, Wells G, Dilley JW.Author information 1a Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.AbstractObjective: HIV-related stigma is a major driver of poor prognosis for the treatment and reduced spread of HIV. The present article provides a qualitative analysis surrounding various themes related to stigma and shame as a result HIV. Design: Eight gay men recruited from a community HIV clinic contacted the researchers in response to a study involving participation in a structured, eight-week group intervention for HIV-related stigma. Following this group, three men took part in open-ended interviews about their thoughts and experiences. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to examine the participants' experiences surrounding shame and stigma related to living with HIV. Results: Three superordinate themes were identified: social support and the disclosure of serostatus, stigma associated with serosorting and attempts to negotiate a spoiled identity. Conclusion: In San Francisco, a city with a great deal of acceptance surrounding HIV and a large, politically active community of persons living with HIV, gay men continue to struggle with disclosure and stigma. This stigma may be an unexpected result of a high degree of HIV testing and attempts by both HIV-positive and negative gay men to practise serosorting.
• Psychology & health.Psychol Health.2014 May;29(5):583-97. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2013.871283. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
• Objective: HIV-related stigma is a major driver of poor prognosis for the treatment and reduced spread of HIV. The present article provides a qualitative analysis surrounding various themes related to stigma and shame as a result HIV. Design: Eight gay men recruited from a community HIV clinic conta
• PMID 24303867

Japanese Journal

• Aquatic adaptation and the evolution of smell and taste in whales

• Kishida Takushi,Thewissen JGM,Hayakawa Takashi,Imai Hiroo,Agata Kiyokazu
• Zoological Letters 1, 2015-12
• … We provide the whole-genome sequence of a mysticete and show that mysticetes lack the dorsal domain of the OB, an area known to induce innate avoidance behavior against odors of predators and spoiled foods. …
• NAID 120005555476

• 大学院拡充政策のゆくえ : 今どこに立ち，次にどこに向かうのか？ <論考>

• 藤村 正司
• 大学論集 (47), 57-72, 2015-03
• … 2) Even though the demand for DCs is decreasing, quota regulation by MEXT, which brings capacity close to one hundred percent, makes the quality of graduate students spoiled. …
• NAID 120005606187

• Extended-gate organic field-effect transistor for the detection of histamine in water

• Minamiki Tsukuru,Minami Tsuyoshi,Yokoyama Daisuke,Fukuda Kenjiro,Kumaki Daisuke,Tokito Shizuo
• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(4S), 04DK02, 2015-02-20
• … Histamine is found in spoiled or decayed fish, and causes foodborne illness known as scombroid food poisoning. …
• NAID 150000110357

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拡張検索	「unspoiled」

「unspoiled」

　　[★]

• adj.

• そこなわれていない、害されていない。(町・景色など)昔のまま。
• (子供が)甘やかされていない。