spoilt

　

WordNet

1. become unfit for consumption or use; "the meat must be eaten before it spoils" (同)go bad
2. (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war); "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy"
3. the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it; "her spoiling my dress was deliberate" (同)spoiling, spoilage
4. the act of stripping and taking by force (同)spoliation, spoilation, despoilation, despoilment, despoliation

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. spoilの過去,過去分詞
2. 〈物事〉‘を'『だいなしにする』,損なう / 〈子供など〉‘を'『甘やかしてだめにする』,増長させる / 《古》(…を)…‘から'奪う《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉『だいなしになる』,だめになる / 〈C〉《複数形で》『略奪品』,強奪品,戦利品 / 〈C〉《複数形で》《おもに米》(政権をとった政党が支持者に与える)利権,役職 / 〈U〉(採鉱・発掘などの際に廃棄される,土・石などの)くずもの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/08/23 11:45:52」(JST)

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Spoiled ballot paper from the 2016 Kazakh legislative election

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In voting, a ballot is considered spoilt, spoiled, void, null, informal, invalid or stray if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is invalid and thus not included in the vote count. This may occur accidentally or deliberately. The total number of spoilt votes in a United States election has been called the residual vote. In Australia, such votes are generally referred to as informal votes, and in Canada they are referred to as rejected votes.

In some jurisdictions, spoilt votes are counted and reported.

Types of spoilt vote

A ballot may be spoilt in a number of ways, including:

Failing to mark the ballot at all (blank vote), or otherwise defacing the ballot instead of attempting to vote. Filling out the ballot in a manner that is incompatible with the voting system being used, e.g.: Marking more choices than permitted (overvoting), or fewer than necessary (undervoting). Filling a preference ballot out of sequence, e.g. 1-2-2-3-4 or 1-2-4-5-6. In most cases, only the first two choices in these examples would be counted as valid. Adding a write-in candidate when such an option is not permitted. The vote for this candidate would be discarded. Filling the ballot in a manner that makes the voter's decision unclear. Physically deforming ballots, especially those counted by machine. Making marks on the ballot other than those necessary to complete it, where the voter's identity can be ascertained, compromising the secrecy of the ballot.

As an example, UK law specifically precludes ballots "on which votes are given for more candidates than the voter is entitled to vote for", "on which anything is written or marked by which the voter can be identified" or "which [are] unmarked or void for uncertainty".

Replacement ballots

If a voter makes a mistake while completing a ballot, it may be possible to cancel it and start the voting process again. In the United States, cancelled physical ballots may be called "spoiled ballots", as distinct from an "invalid vote" which has been cast.

In Canada, a spoiled ballot is one that has been handled by an elector in such a manner that it is ruined beyond use, or that the deputy returning officer finds soiled or improperly printed. The spoilt ballot is not placed in the ballot box, but rather is marked as spoilt by the deputy returning officer and set aside. The elector is given another ballot. A 'rejected ballot' is one which cannot be counted due to improper marking by the voter. Examples of this are ballots which have more than one mark, the intent of the voter cannot be ascertained, or the voter can be identified by their mark.

In many jurisdictions, if multiple elections or referenda are held simultaneously, then there may be separate physical ballots for each, which may be printed on different-colored paper and posted into separate ballot boxes. In the United States, a single physical ballot is often used to record multiple separate votes. In such cases one can distinguish an "invalid ballot", where all votes on the ballot are rendered invalid, from a "partially valid" ballot, with some votes are valid and others invalid.

Intentional spoiling

See also: Protest vote, None of the above, and Write-in candidate

A voter may deliberately spoil a vote, for example as a protest vote, especially in compulsory voting jurisdictions, to show disapproval of the candidates standing whilst still taking part in the electoral process. Intentionally spoiling someone else's ballot before or during tabulation is an electoral fraud.

The validity of an election may be questioned if there is an unusually high proportion of spoilt votes. In multiple-vote U.S. ballots, "voter roll-off" is calculated by subtracting the number of votes cast for a "down-ballot" office, such as mayor, from the number of votes cast for a "top-of-the-ballot" office, such as president. When the election jurisdiction does not report voter turnout, roll-off can be used as a proxy for residual votes. Some voters may only be interested in voting for the major offices, and not bother filling in the lower positions, resulting in a partially valid ballot.

While it is not illegal to advocate informal voting in Australian federal elections, it was briefly illegal to advise voters to fill out their ballots using duplicated numbers. Albert Langer was jailed for violating an injunction not to advocate incomplete preference voting for the 1996 Australian federal election.

Unintentional spoiling

Voter instructions are usually intended to minimize the accidental spoiling of votes. Ballot design can aid or inhibit clarity in an election, resulting in less or more accidental spoiling. Some election officials have discretion to include ballots where the strict criteria for acceptability are not met but the voter's intention is clear. More complicated electoral systems may be more prone to errors. Group voting tickets were introduced in Australia owing to the high number of informal votes cast in single transferable vote (STV) elections. When multiple Irish STV elections are simultaneous (as for local and European elections) some voters have marked, say, 1-2-3 on one ballot paper and 4-5-6 on the other; some returning officers consequently allowed 4-5-6 ballots to be counted, until a Supreme Court case in 2015 ruled they were invalid.

The United States Election Assistance Commission's survey of the 2006 midterm elections reported undervoting rate of 0.1% in US Senate elections and 1.6% in US House elections; overvotes were much rarer. Some paper-based voting systems and most DRE voting machines can notify voters of under-votes and over-votes. The Help America Vote Act requires that voters are informed when they have overvoted, unless a paper-ballot voting system is in use.

See also

• Election fraud
• Ballot design in the Single Transferable Vote: discusses exhausted votes, which cannot be transferred owing to too few preferences being expressed
• Elections in the United Kingdom
• Refused ballot

References

This is the UK spoil your vote campaign

English Journal

• Knowledge synthesis approaches - spoilt for choice?

• Wong G1.
• Journal of clinical epidemiology.J Clin Epidemiol.2016 Feb 13. pii: S0895-4356(16)00102-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.08.031. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 26883638

• Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies.

• Prasse C1, Stalter D2, Schulte-Oehlmann U3, Oehlmann J3, Ternes TA4.
• Water research.Water Res.2015 Dec 15;87:237-70. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
• The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where we must question the appropriateness of current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number of anthropogenic chemicals i
• PMID 26431616

• Predictors of repeat participation in the NHS bowel cancer screening programme.

• Lo SH1, Halloran S2, Snowball J3, Seaman H2, Wardle J1, von Wagner C1.
• British journal of cancer.Br J Cancer.2015 Jan 6;112(1):199-206. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.569. Epub 2014 Nov 27.
• OBJECTIVES: Most types of population-based cancer screening require repeat participation to be effective. This study investigated predictors of repeat participation in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP).METHODS: The BCSP in England offers biennial colorectal cancer screening using a gua
• PMID 25429524

Japanese Journal

• デザイン教育における外部公募の活用

• サレジオ工業高等専門学校研究紀要 42, 31-36, 2014-04-15
• NAID 110009762495

• G061053 非移行型磁気駆動アーク発生装置の開発とその特性([G061-05] 熱工学部門,一般セッション(5) : ふく射,燃焼(1))

• 年次大会 : Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013, "G061053-1"-"G061053-5", 2013-09-08
• NAID 110009931986

• 変敗食品から分離された Arthrinium 属2種の同定と培養性状

• 日本食品微生物学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of food microbiology 26(1), 16-22, 2009-03-31
• NAID 10024855915

Related Links

• spoiltの意味・使い方｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

spoilt 【形】〈英〉＝ spoiled【発音】spɔ ilt【カナ】スポイルトゥ - アルクがお届けするオンライン英和・和英辞書検索サービス。 ... 《be ～》〔どれを選んでも素晴 ｛すば｝ らしいといった状況 ｛じょうきょう｝ で〕どれを選ぼうか ...

• spoilの意味・使い方｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

spoil 【他動】 〔物・事を〕台無しにする、悪くする、役に立たなくする・Too many cooks spoil the broth....【発音】spɔ il【カナ】スポイル【変化】《動》spoils ｜ spoiling ｜ spoiledまたはspoilt - アルクがお届けするオンライン英和・和英辞書 ...

• Spoilt - definition of spoilt by The Free Dictionary

Then she eased her mind with this retort: "Marse Tom, she makes you do anything she wants to, and you can't deny it; so if she could be spoilt, she'd been spoilt long ago, because you are the very WORST

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