呼吸計

関: respirometer

WordNet

a measuring instrument for recording the depth and rapidity of breathing movements

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/24 20:19:26」(JST)

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Spirograph is a geometric drawing toy that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. It was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.

The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched with original product configurations in the USA in 2013 by Kahootz Toys and in Europe by Goldfish and Bison.

History

The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented the Spirograph between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves.^[1] Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog.^[2]^[3] An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913.^[4] The Spirograph itself was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher, who exhibited at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy.

In 2013 the Spirograph brand was re-launched in the USA by Kahootz Toys and in Europe by Goldfish and Bison with products that returned to the use of the original gears and wheels. The modern products use removable putty in place of pins or are held down by hand to keep the stationary pieces in place on the paper. The Spirograph was a 2014 Toy of the Year finalist in 2 categories, almost 50 years after the toy was named Toy of the Year in 1967.

Operation

Animation of a Spirograph

Several Spirograph designs drawn with a Spirograph set

The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two different-sized plastic rings, with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. They were pinned to a cardboard backing with pins, and any of several provided gearwheels, which had holes provided for a ballpoint pen to extend through them to an underlying paper writing surface. It could be spun around to make geometric shapes on the underlying paper medium. Later, the Super-Spirograph consisted of a set of plastic gears and other interlocking shape-segments such as rings, triangles, or straight bars. It has several sizes of gears and shapes, and all edges have teeth to engage any other piece. For instance, smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but also can engage the outside of the rings in such a fashion that they rotate around the inside or along the outside edge of the rings. Kenner also introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman and various refill sets.^[5]

To use it, a sheet of paper is placed on a heavy cardboard backing, and one of the plastic pieces—known as a stator—is secured via pins or reusable adhesive to the paper and cardboard. Another plastic piece—called the rotor—is placed so that its teeth engage with those of the pinned piece. For example, a ring may be pinned to the paper and a small gear placed inside the ring. The number of arrangements possible by combining different gears is very large. The point of a pen is placed in one of the holes of the rotor. As the rotor is moved, the pen traces out a curve. The pen is used both to draw and to provide locomotive force; some practice is required before the Spirograph can be operated without disengaging the stator and rotor, particularly when using the holes close to the edge of the larger rotors. More intricate and unusual-shaped patterns may be made through the use of both hands, one to draw and one to guide the pieces. It is possible to move several pieces in relation to each other (say, the triangle around the ring, with a circle "climbing" from the ring onto the triangle), but this requires concentration or even additional assistance from other artists.

Mathematical basis

Consider a fixed outer circle $C_{o}$ of radius $R$ centered at the origin. A smaller inner circle $C_{i}$ of radius $r<R$ is rolling inside $C_{o}$ and is continuously tangent to it. $C_{i}$ will be assumed never to slip on $C_{o}$ (in a real Spirograph, teeth on both circles prevent such slippage). Now assume that a point $A$ lying somewhere inside $C_{i}$ is located a distance $\rho <r$ from $C_{i}$ 's center. This point $A$ corresponds to the pen-hole in the inner disk of a real Spirograph. Without loss of generality it can be assumed that at the initial moment the point $A$ was on the $X$ -axis. In order to find the trajectory created by a Spirograph, follow point $A$ as the inner circle is set in motion.

Now mark two points $T$ on $C_{o}$ and $B$ on $C_{i}$ . The point $T$ always indicates the location where the two circles are tangent. Point $B$ however will travel on $C_{i}$ and its initial location coincides with $T$ . After setting $C_{i}$ in motion counterclockwise around $C_{o}$ , $C_{i}$ has a clockwise rotation with respect to its center. The distance that point $B$ traverses on $C_{i}$ is the same as that traversed by the tangent point $T$ on $C_{o}$ , due to the absence of slipping.

Now define the new (relative) system of coordinates $({\hat {X}},{\hat {Y}})$ with its origin at the center of $C_{i}$ and its axes parallel to $X$ and $Y$ . Let the parameter $t$ be the angle by which the tangent point $T$ rotates on $C_{o}$ and ${\hat {t}}$ be the angle by which $C_{i}$ rotates (i.e. by which $B$ travels) in the relative system of coordinates. Because there is no slipping, the distances traveled by $B$ and $T$ along their respective circles must be the same, therefore

$tR=(t-{\hat {t}})r$

or equivalently

${\hat {t}}=-{\frac {R-r}{r}}t.$

It is common to assume that a counterclockwise motion corresponds to a positive change of angle and a clockwise one to a negative change of angle. A minus sign in the above formula ( ${\hat {t}}<0$ ) accommodates this convention.

Let $(x_{c},y_{c})$ be the coordinates of the center of $C_{i}$ in the absolute system of coordinates. Then $R-r$ represents the radius of the trajectory of the center of $C_{i}$ , which (again in the absolute system) undergoes circular motion thus:

${\begin{array}{rcl}x_{c}&=&(R-r)\cos t,\\y_{c}&=&(R-r)\sin t.\end{array}}$

As defined above, ${\hat {t}}$ is the angle of rotation in the new relative system. Because point $A$ obeys the usual law of circular motion, its coordinates in the new relative coordinate system $({\hat {x}},{\hat {y}})$ obey:

${\begin{array}{rcl}{\hat {x}}&=&\rho \cos {\hat {t}},\\{\hat {y}}&=&\rho \sin {\hat {t}}.\end{array}}$

In order to obtain the trajectory of $A$ in the absolute (old) system of coordinates, add these two motions:

${\begin{array}{rcrcl}x&=&x_{c}+{\hat {x}}&=&(R-r)\cos t+\rho \cos {\hat {t}},\\y&=&y_{c}+{\hat {y}}&=&(R-r)\sin t+\rho \sin {\hat {t}},\\\end{array}}$

where $\rho$ is defined above.

Now, use the relation between $t$ and ${\hat {t}}$ as derived above to obtain equations describing the trajectory of point $A$ in terms of a single parameter $t$ :

${\begin{array}{rcrcl}x&=&x_{c}+{\hat {x}}&=&(R-r)\cos t+\rho \cos {\frac {R-r}{r}}t,\\[4pt]y&=&y_{c}+{\hat {y}}&=&(R-r)\sin t-\rho \sin {\frac {R-r}{r}}t.\\\end{array}}$

(using the fact that function $\sin$ is odd).

It is convenient to represent the equation above in terms of the radius $R$ of $C_{o}$ and dimensionless parameters describing the structure of the Spirograph. Namely, let

$l={\frac {\rho }{r}}$

and

$k={\frac {r}{R}}.$

The parameter $0\leq l\leq 1$ represents how far the point $A$ is located from the center of $C_{i}$ . At the same time, $0\leq k\leq 1$ represents how big the inner circle $C_{i}$ is with respect to the outer one $C_{o}$ .

It is now observed that

${\frac {\rho }{R}}=lk,$

and therefore the trajectory equations take the form

${\begin{array}{rcl}x(t)&=&R\left[(1-k)\cos t+lk\cos {\frac {1-k}{k}}t\right],\\[4pt]y(t)&=&R\left[(1-k)\sin t-lk\sin {\frac {1-k}{k}}t\right].\\\end{array}}$

Parameter $R$ is a scaling parameter and does not affect the structure of the Spirograph. Different values of $R$ would yield similar Spirograph drawings.

It is interesting to note that the two extreme cases $k=0$ and $k=1$ result in degenerate trajectories of the Spirograph. In the first extreme case when $k=0$ we have a simple circle of radius $R$ , corresponding to the case where $C_{i}$ has been shrunk into a point. (Division by $k=0$ in the formula is not a problem since both $\sin$ and $\cos$ are bounded functions).

The other extreme case $k=1$ corresponds to the inner circle $C_{i}$ 's radius $r$ matching the radius $R$ of the outer circle $C_{o}$ , ie $r=R$ . In this case the trajectory is a single point. Intuitively, $C_{i}$ is too large to roll inside the same-sized $C_{o}$ without slipping.

If $l=1$ then the point $A$ is on the circumference of $C_{i}$ . In this case the trajectories are called hypocycloids and the equations above reduce to those for a hypocycloid.

References

^ Goldstein, Cathérine; Gray, Jeremy; Ritter, Jim (1996). L'Europe mathématique: histoires, mythes, identités. Editions MSH. p. 293. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Kaveney, Wendy. "CONTENTdm Collection : Compound Object Viewer". digitallibrary.imcpl.org. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Linderman, Jim. "ArtSlant - Spirograph? No, MAGIC PATTERN!". artslant.com. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ "From The Boy Mechanic (1913) - A Wondergraph". marcdatabase.com. 2004. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Coopee, Todd. "Spirograph". ToyTales.ca.

External links

Official Website
Inspirograph: A web-based, interactive Spirograph replica
HTML5 Interactive Spirograph Creator
HTML5 online Spirograph app
Kahootz Toys
super spirograph manual in French, German, 1979

English Journal

[Investigation of the structure breathing pattern in competitive exercises have athletes kettlebell Lifters].

Tikhonov VF, Agafonkina TV.
Fiziologiia cheloveka.Fiziol Cheloveka.2014 May-Jun;40(3):96-100.
The aim of the research is to determine the breathing pattern characteristics of kettlebell athletes. The main indicators were identified: breathing frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE). We also searched for the dependence of these parameters using the weight of kettlebells and
PMID 25702464

Studies of the protein and the energy metabolism in man during a wintering in Antarctica.

Junghans P1, Schrader G, Faust H, Wagner B, Hirschberg K, Reinhardt R.
Isotopes in environmental and health studies.Isotopes Environ Health Stud.2012 Jun;48(2):208-25. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2012.677042.
During the 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition in Novolazarevskaya from March 1984 to March 1985, the protein and energy metabolisms were studied in six expeditioners from the German Democratic Republic. The investigations were carried out at the beginning of the expedition (May), during the polar nigh
PMID 22502627

Alfred Fleisch (1892-1973): professor of physiology at the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Kingisepp PH1.
Journal of medical biography.J Med Biogr.2011 Feb;19(1):34-7. doi: 10.1258/jmb.2010.010039.
Alfred Fleisch was a Swiss physiologist who invented several medical devices, among them a device for measuring airflow known as Fleischs's pneumotachometre. The airflow measurers - transducers - are still well known and are used all over the world in different varieties of spirograph.
PMID 21350081

Japanese Journal

Plane algebraic curves drawn by a spirograph and the isogonal conjugate for a triangle

香川大学教育学部研究報告第2部 59(2), 39-57, 2009
NAID 40016882141

Respiratory dyskinesia : A variety of clinical forms differentially diagnosed by using spirograph

Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15, 315-321, 1992
NAID 80006596668

「構成」における幾何学的形態の研究(III) : スピログラフ・パターン研究の補足と輪転曲線の開発

京都教育大學紀要. A, 人文・社会 35, 287-306, 1969-09
NAID 110000160422

「呼吸計」

Spirograph
	Spirograph set (early 1980s UK version)
Inventor	Denys Fisher
Company	Hasbro
Country	United Kingdom
Availability	1965–present
Materials	Plastic
	Official website