For the video game character, see Sonic the Hedgehog (character).
Sonic hedgehog |
3D structure of the signaling domain of the murine Sonic hedgehog from PDB 1vhh |
Available structures |
PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
List of PDB id codes |
3HO5, 3M1N, 3MXW
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Identifiers |
Symbols |
SHH; HHG1; HLP3; HPE3; MCOPCB5; SMMCI; TPT; TPTPS |
External IDs |
OMIM: 600725 MGI: 98297 HomoloGene: 30961 ChEMBL: 5602 GeneCards: SHH Gene |
Gene Ontology |
Molecular function |
• glycoprotein binding
• signal transducer activity
• patched binding
• calcium ion binding
• protein binding
• glycosaminoglycan binding
• peptidase activity
• zinc ion binding
• morphogen activity
• laminin-1 binding
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Cellular component |
• extracellular space
• nucleus
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• plasma membrane
• cell surface
• transport vesicle
• extracellular matrix
• membrane raft
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Biological process |
• negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
• patterning of blood vessels
• vasculogenesis
• metanephros development
• branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
• response to hypoxia
• cell fate specification
• neural crest cell migration
• neural tube formation
• heart looping
• positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
• osteoblast development
• lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation
• determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm
• proteolysis
• endocytosis
• apoptotic process
• smoothened signaling pathway
• positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity
• cell-cell signaling
• pattern specification process
• ectoderm development
• neuroblast proliferation
• axon guidance
• central nervous system development
• ventral midline development
• hindgut morphogenesis
• digestive tract mesoderm development
• heart development
• blood coagulation
• androgen metabolic process
• positive regulation of cell proliferation
• embryo development
• embryonic pattern specification
• anterior/posterior pattern specification
• dorsal/ventral pattern formation
• response to organic nitrogen
• oligodendrocyte development
• positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation
• myotube differentiation
• intein-mediated protein splicing
• ventral spinal cord interneuron specification
• dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning
• smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor cell proliferation
• telencephalon regionalization
• establishment of cell polarity
• regulation of proteolysis
• positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway
• lung development
• embryonic limb morphogenesis
• negative regulation of cell migration
• male genitalia development
• prostate gland development
• regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
• thyroid gland development
• forebrain development
• midbrain development
• hindbrain development
• pancreas development
• hair follicle morphogenesis
• response to estradiol stimulus
• negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
• response to retinoic acid
• regulation of protein localization
• T cell differentiation in thymus
• positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus
• positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
• negative regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
• protein localization to nucleus
• embryonic forelimb morphogenesis
• embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis
• regulation of cell proliferation
• negative regulation of T cell proliferation
• positive regulation of protein import into nucleus
• odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth
• embryonic digit morphogenesis
• camera-type eye development
• negative regulation of apoptotic process
• CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment
• tongue morphogenesis
• skin development
• positive thymic T cell selection
• negative thymic T cell selection
• intermediate filament organization
• myoblast differentiation
• response to ethanol
• negative regulation of cell differentiation
• positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway
• positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
• positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
• positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation
• positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
• negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation
• cell development
• thymus development
• embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis
• embryonic foregut morphogenesis
• positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development
• organ formation
• neuron fate commitment
• response to axon injury
• embryonic skeletal system development
• positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
• branching morphogenesis of a tube
• male genitalia morphogenesis
• inner ear development
• formation of anatomical boundary
• stem cell development
• positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation
• positive regulation of cell division
• Bergmann glial cell differentiation
• palate development
• canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway
• limb bud formation
• positive regulation of penile erection
• lung epithelium development
• trachea morphogenesis
• branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
• bud outgrowth involved in lung branching
• right lung development
• left lung development
• lung lobe morphogenesis
• lung-associated mesenchyme development
• primary prostatic bud elongation
• prostate epithelial cord elongation
• salivary gland cavitation
• epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
• regulation of prostatic bud formation
• epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development
• positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
• regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development
• mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development
• artery development
• mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development
• somite development
• positive regulation of sclerotome development
• positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
• cellular response to lithium ion
• renal system development
• metanephric mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in metanephros development
• multicellular structure septum development
• negative regulation of canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway
• negative regulation of cholesterol efflux
• regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry
• negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
• positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation
• negative regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation
• positive regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation
• positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development
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Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data |
Orthologs |
Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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Entrez |
6469 |
20423 |
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Ensembl |
ENSG00000164690 |
ENSMUSG00000002633 |
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UniProt |
Q15465 |
Q62226 |
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RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000193.2 |
NM_009170.3 |
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RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000184.1 |
NP_033196.1 |
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Location (UCSC) |
Chr 7:
155.59 – 155.6 Mb |
Chr 5:
28.46 – 28.47 Mb |
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PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) is one of three proteins in the mammalian signaling pathway family called hedgehog, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH). SHH is the best studied ligand of the hedgehog signaling pathway. It plays a key role in regulating vertebrate organogenesis, such as in the growth of digits on limbs and organization of the brain. Sonic hedgehog is the best established example of a morphogen as defined by Lewis Wolpert's French flag model—a molecule that diffuses to form a concentration gradient and has different effects on the cells of the developing embryo depending on its concentration. SHH remains important in the adult. It controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in development of some cancers.
Contents
- 1 Discovery
- 2 Function
- 2.1 Patterning of the central nervous system
- 2.2 Morphogenetic activity
- 3 Processing
- 4 Robotnikinin
- 5 Criticism of the name
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
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Discovery
The hedgehog gene (hh) was first identified in the classic Heidelberg screens of Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, as published in 1980. These screens, which led to her winning the Nobel Prize in 1995 along with developmental geneticist Edward B. Lewis, identified genes that control the segmentation pattern of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) embryos. The hh loss of function mutant phenotype causes the embryos to be covered with denticles (small pointy projections), resembling a hedgehog.
Investigations aimed at finding a hedgehog equivalent in mammals revealed three homologous genes. The first two discovered, desert hedgehog and Indian hedgehog, were named for species of hedgehogs, while sonic hedgehog was named after Sega's video game character Sonic the Hedgehog.[1] In zebrafish, the orthologues of the three mammalian hh genes are: shh a,[2] shh b,[3] (formerly described as tiggywinkle hedgehog named for Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, a character from Beatrix Potter's books for children), and indian hedgehog b[4] (formerly described as echidna hedgehog, named for the spiny anteater, though this may have also been a playful reference to Knuckles the Echidna, another character from the Sonic the Hedgehog series of video games).
Function
Of the hh homologues, shh has been found to have the most critical roles in development, acting as a morphogen involved in patterning many systems, including the limb[5] and midline structures in the brain,[6] spinal cord,[7] the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica[8] and the teeth.[9] Mutations in the human sonic hedgehog gene, SHH, cause holoprosencephaly type 3 (HPE3) as a result of the loss of the ventral midline. Sonic hedgehog is secreted at the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), which is located on posterior side of a limb bud in an embryo. The sonic hedgehog transcription pathway has also been linked to the formation of specific kinds of cancerous tumours.
More recently, sonic hedgehog has also been shown to act as an axonal guidance cue. It has been demonstrated that Shh attracts commissural axons at the ventral midline of the developing spinal cord.[10] Specifically, Shh attracts retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons at low concentrations and repels them at higher concentrations.[11] The absence (non-expression) of Shh has been shown to control the growth of nascent hind limbs in cetaceans[12] (whales and dolphins).
Patterning of the central nervous system
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling molecule assumes various roles in patterning the central nervous system (CNS) during vertebrate development. One of the most characterized functions of Shh is its role in the induction of the floor plate and diverse ventral cell types within the neural tube.[13] The notochord, a structure derived from the axial mesoderm, produces Shh which travels extracellularly to the ventral region of the neural tube and instructs those cells to form the floor plate.[14] Another view for floor plate induction hypothesize that some precursor cells located in notochord are inserted into the neural plate before its formation, later giving rise to floor plate.[15]
The neural tube itself is the initial groundwork of the vertebrate CNS, and the floor plate is a specialized structure located at the ventral midpoint of the neural tube. Evidence supporting the notochord as the signaling center comes from studies in which a second notochord is implanted near a neural tube in vivo, leading to the formation of an ectopic floor plate within the neural tube.[16]
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Shh and BMP gradients in the vertebrate neural tube
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Ectopic floor plate formation
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Ventral neural domains in neural tube
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Sonic hedgehog is the secreted protein which mediates signaling activities of notochord and floor plate.[17] Studies involving ectopic expression of Shh in vitro [18] and in vivo [19] results in floor plate induction, and differentiation of motor neuron and ventral interneurons. On the other hand, mice mutant for Shh lack ventral spinal cord characteristics.[20]In vitro blocking of Shh signaling using antibody against it shows similar phenotypes.[19] Shh exerts its effects in a concentration-dependent manner,[21] so that a high concentration of Shh results in a local inhibition of cellular proliferation.[22] This inhibition causes the floor plate to become thin compared to the lateral regions of the neural tube. Lower concentration of Shh results in cellular proliferation and induction of various ventral neural cell types.[19] Once the floor plate is established, cells residing in this region will subsequently express Shh themselves [22] generating a concentration gradient within the neural tube. Although there is no direct evidence of a Shh gradient, there is indirect evidence via the visualization of Patched (Ptc) gene expression, which encodes for the ligand binding domain of Shh receptor,[23] throughout the ventral neural tube.[24] In vitro studies show that incremental two-threefold changes in Shh concentration give rise to motor neuron and different interneuronal subtypes as found in the ventral spinal cord.[25] These incremental changes in vitro correspond to the distance of domains from the signaling tissue (notochord and floor plate) which subsequently differentiates into different neuronal subtypes as it occurs in vitro.[26]
Shh gradient and Gli activity in the vertebrate neural tube.
Graded Shh signaling is suggested to be mediated through Gli family of proteins which are vertebrate homologues of Drosophila zinc-finger-containing transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) . Ci is crucial mediator of headgehog (Hh) signaling in Drosophila.[27] In vertebrates three different Gli proteins are present,viz. Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3, which are expressed in the neural tube.[28] Mice mutant for Gli1 show normal spinal cord development suggesting that it is dispensable for mediating Shh acitivity.[29] Gli2 mutant mice show abnormalities in the ventral spinal cord with severe defects in floor plate and ventral most interneurons (V3).[30] Gli3 antagonizes Shh function in dose dependent manner promoting dorsal neuronal subtypes. Shh mutant phenotype can be rescued in Shh/Gli3 double mutant.[31] Gli proteins have a C-terimnal activation domain and an N-terminal repressive domain.[28][32] Shh is suggested to promote activation function of Gli2 and inhibit repressive activity of Gli3. Shh also seems to activate the activation function of Gli3 but this acitivity is not strong enough.[31] The graded concentration of Shh gives rise to graded acitivity of Gli 2 and Gli3, which promote ventral and dorsal neuronal subtypes in the ventral spinal cord. Evidence from Gli3 and Shh/Gli3 mutants show that Shh primarily regulates the spatial restriction of progenitor domains rather than being inductive as Shh/Gli3 mutant shows intermixing of cell types.[31][33]
Shh also induces other proteins with which it interacts and these interactions can influence the sensitivity of cell towards Shh. Hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip) is induced by Shh which in turn attenuates it's signaling activity.[34] Vitronectin is another protein that is induced by Shh and it acts as an obligate co-factor for Shh signaling in the neural tube.[35]
There are five distinct progenitor domains in the ventral neural tube, viz. V3 interneuron, motor neurons(MN), V2, V1, V0 interneurons (in ventral to dorsal order).[25] These different progenitor domains are established by "communication" between different classes of homeobox transcription factors. These transcription factors respond to Shh gradient concentration. Depending upon the nature of their interaction with Shh, they are classified into two groups, class I and class II, and are composed of members from the Pax, Nkx, Dbx, and Irx families.[22] Class I proteins are repressed at different threshold of Shh, delineating ventral boundaries of progenitor domains; while class II proteins are activated at different thresholds of Shh, delineating the dorsal limit of domains. Selective cross-repressive interactions between class I and class II proteins give rise to five cardinal ventral neuronal subtypes.[36]
It is important to note that Shh is not the only signaling molecule exerting an effect on the developing neural tube. Many other molecules, pathways, and mechanisms are active (e.g. RA, FGF, BMP), and complex interactions between Shh and other molecules are possible.BMPs are suggested to play a critical role in determining the sensitivity of neural cell to Shh signaling. Evidence supporting this comes from studies done using BMP inhibitors which ventralize the fate of the neural plate cell for a given Shh concentration.[37] On the other hand, mutation in BMP antagonist (such as noggin )produces severe defects in ventral most characteristics of the spinal cord followed by ectopic expression of BMP in the ventral neural tube.[38] Interaction of Shh with Fgf and RA have yet not been studied in molecular detail.
Morphogenetic activity
The concentration and time dependent cell fate determining activity of Shh in the ventral neural tube makes it a prime example of a morphogen. In vertebrates, Shh signaling in the ventral portion of the neural tube is most notably responsible for the induction of floor plate cells and motor neurons.[39]
Shh emanates from the notochord and ventral floor plate of the developing neural tube to create a concentration gradient that spans the dorso-ventral axis.[40] Higher concentrations of the Shh ligand are found in the most ventral aspects of the neural tube and notochord, while lower concentrations are found in the more dorsal regions of the neural tube.[40] The Shh concentration gradient has been visualized in the neural tube of mice engineered to express a Shh::GFP fusion protein to show this graded distribution of Shh during the time of ventral neural tube patterning.[41]
It is thought that the Shh gradient works to elicit multiple different cell fates by a concentration and time dependent mechanism that induces a variety of transcription factors in the ventral progenitor cells.[40][41] Each of the ventral progenitor domains expresses a highly individualized combination of transcription factors: Nkx2.2, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Nkx 6.2, Dbx1, Dbx2, Irx3, Pax6, and Pax7, that is regulated by the Shh gradient. These transcription factors are induced sequentially along the Shh concentration gradient with respect to the amount and time of exposure to Shh ligand.[40] As each population of progenitor cells responds to the different levels of Shh protein, they begin to express a unique combination of transcription factors that leads to neuronal cell fate differentiation. This Shh induced differential gene expression creates sharp boundaries between the discrete domains of transcription factor expression which ultimately patterns the ventral neural tube.[40]
The spatial and temporal aspect of the progressive induction of genes and cell fates in the ventral neural tube is illustrated by the expression domains of two of the most well characterized transcription factors Olig2, and Nkx2.2.[40] Early in development the cells at the ventral midline have only been exposed to a low concentration of Shh for a relatively short time and express the transcription factor Olig2.[40] The expression of Olig2 rapidly expands in a dorsal direction concomitantly with the continuous dorsal extension of the Shh gradient over time.[40] However, as the morphogenetic front of Shh ligand moves and begins to grow more concentrated, cells that are exposed to higher levels of the ligand respond by switching off Olig2 and turning on Nkx2.2.[40] Thus, Creating a sharp boundary between the cells expressing the transcription factor Nkx2.2 ventral to the cells expressing Olig2. It is in this way that each of domains of the six progenitor cell populations are thought to be successively patterned throughout the neural tube by the Shh concentration gradient.[40]
Processing
Shh undergoes a series of processing steps before it is secreted from the cell. Newly synthesised SHH weighs 45 kDa and is referred to as the preproprotein. As a secreted protein it contains a short signal sequence at its N-terminus, which is recognised by the signal recognition particle during the translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the first step in protein secretion. Once translocation is complete, the signal sequence is removed by signal peptidase in the ER. There SHH undergoes autoprocessing to generate a 20 kDa N-terminal signaling domain (SHH-N) and a 25 kDa C-terminal domain with no known signaling role.[42] The cleavage is catalysed by a protease within the C-terminal domain. During the reaction, a cholesterol molecule is added to the C-terminus of SHH-N.[43] Thus the C-terminal domain acts as an intein and a cholesterol transferase. Another hydrophobic moiety, a palmitate, is added to the alpha-amine of N-terminal cysteine of SHH-N. This modification is required for efficient signaling, resulting in 30-fold increase in potency over the non-palmitylated form.[44]
Robotnikinin
A potential inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been found and dubbed 'Robotnikinin', in honor of Sonic the Hedgehog's nemesis, Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik.
Criticism of the name
Some clinicians and scientists criticize giving genes frivolous, whimsical, or quirky names, calling it inappropriate that patients with "a serious illness or disability are told that they or their child have a mutation in a gene such as Sonic hedgehog."[45][46]
See also
- Zbtb7, a gene which was originally named "Pokémon"
- Pikachurin, a retinal protein named after Pikachu
References
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- ^ Briscoe J, Pierani A, Jessell TM, Ericson J. (May 2000). "A homeodomain protein code specifies progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in the ventral neural tube.". Cell 101 (4): 435–45. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80853-3. PMID 10830170.
- ^ Liem KF Jr, Jessell TM, Briscoe J. (November 2000). "Regulation of the neural patterning activity of sonic hedgehog by secreted BMP inhibitors expressed by notochord and somites.". Development 127 (22): 4855–66. PMID 11044400. http://dev.biologists.org/content/127/22/4855.long.
- ^ McMahon JA, Takada S, Zimmerman LB, Fan CM, Harland RM, McMahon AP. (May 1998). "Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite.". Genes Dev 12 (10): 1438–52. doi:10.1101/gad.12.10.1438. PMC 316831. PMID 9585504. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316831/.
- ^ Roelink H, Porter JA, Chiang C, Tanabe Y, Chang DT, Beachy PA, Jessel TM (May 1995). "Floor Plate and Motor Neuron Induction by Different Concentrations of the Amino-Terminal Cleavage Product of Sonic Hedgehog Autoproteolysis". Cell 81 (3): 445–455. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90397-6. PMID 7736596.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ribes V, Briscoe J (August 2009). "Establishing and interpreting Graded Sonic Hedgehog during Vertebrate Neural Tube Patterning: The Role of Negative Feedback". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1(2): a002014 (2): a002014. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002014. PMC 2742090. PMID 20066087. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2742090/.
- ^ a b Chamberlain CE, Jeong J, Guo C, Allen BL, McMahon AP (March 2008). "Notochord-derived Shh concentrates in close association with the apically positioned basal body in neural target cells and forms a dynamic gradient during neural patterning". Development 135 (6): 1097–1106. doi:10.1242/dev.013086. PMID 18272593.
- ^ Bumcrot DA, Takada R and McMahon AP (1 April 1995). "Proteolytic processing yields two secreted forms of sonic hedgehog". Mol Cell Biol. 15 (4): 2294–2303. PMC 230457. PMID 7891723. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230457/.
- ^ Porter JA, Young KE and Beachy PA (1996). "Cholesterol modification of hedgehog signaling proteins in animal development". Science 274 (5285): 255–259. doi:10.1126/science.274.5285.255. PMID 8824192.
- ^ Pepinsky RB, Zeng C, Wen D, Rayhorn P, Baker DP, Williams KP, Bixler SA, Ambrose CM, Garber EA, Miatkowski K et al. (1998). "Identification of a palmitic acid-modified form of human Sonic hedgehog". J Biol Chem 273 (22): 14037–14045. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.22.14037. PMID 9593755. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/273/22/14037.
- ^ Maclean K (January 2006). "Humour of gene names lost in translation to patients". Nature 439 (7074): 266. doi:10.1038/439266d. PMID 16421543.
- ^ Cohen MM (July 2006). "Problems in the naming of genes". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 140 (13): 1483–4. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31264. PMID 16718675.
Further reading
- Dorus S, Anderson JR, Vallender EJ, et al. (2006). "Sonic Hedgehog, a key development gene, experienced intensified molecular evolution in primates". Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (13): 2031–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl123. PMID 16687440.
- Gilbert, Scott F. (2000). Developmental biology (6th ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-243-7.
- Kim J, Kim P, Hui CC (2001). "The VACTERL association: lessons from the Sonic hedgehog pathway". Clin. Genet. 59 (5): 306–15. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.590503.x. PMID 11359461.
- Morton JP, Lewis BC (2007). "Shh signaling and pancreatic cancer: implications for therapy?". Cell Cycle 6 (13): 1553–7. doi:10.4161/cc.6.13.4467. PMID 17611415.
- Mullor JL, Sánchez P, Altaba AR (2003). "Pathways and consequences: Hedgehog signaling in human disease". Trends Cell Biol. 12 (12): 562–9. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02405-4. PMID 12495844.
- Nanni L, Ming JE, Du Y, et al. (2001). "SHH mutation is associated with solitary median maxillary central incisor: a study of 13 patients and review of the literature". Am. J. Med. Genet. 102 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20010722)102:13.0.CO;2-U. PMID 11471164.
- Williams JA (2006). "Hedgehog and spinal cord injury". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 9 (6): 1137–45. doi:10.1517/14728222.9.6.1137. PMID 16300466.
External links
- An introductory article on shh at Davidson College
- SHH at The GDB Human Genome Database
- Rediscovering biology: Unit 7, Genetics of development. Expert interview transcripts, interview with John Incardona, PhD. explanation of the discovery and naming of the sonic hedgehog gene
- ‘Sonic Hedgehog’ sounded funny, at first. New York Times, November 12, 2006.
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Anophthalmia / Microphthalmia Overview
PDB gallery
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1vhh: A POTENTIAL CATALYTIC SITE WITHIN THE AMINO-TERMINAL SIGNALLING DOMAIN OF SONIC HEDGEHOG
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Signaling pathway: hedgehog signaling pathway
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Ligands |
- Sonic hedgehog
- Indian hedgehog
- Desert hedgehog
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Receptor |
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Transcription factor |
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Other |
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B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)
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