an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction
(genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele; the associated trait is not apparent but can be passed on to offspring
a rack attached to a vehicle; for carrying luggage or skis or the like
a self-propelled wheeled vehicle designed specifically to carry something; "refrigerated carriers have revolutionized the grocery business"
someone whose employment involves carrying something; "the bonds were transmitted by carrier" (同)bearer, toter
a person or firm in the business of transporting people or goods or messages (同)common_carrier
(medicine) a person (or animal) who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others (同)immune carrier
The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 65 families.[1][2] Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and is the basis for the official HGNC names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.
Solutes that are transported by the various SLC group members are extremely diverse and include both charged and uncharged organic molecules as well as inorganic ions and the gas ammonia.
As is typical of integral membrane proteins, SLCs contain a number of hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helices connected to each other by hydrophilic intra- and extra-cellular loops. Depending on the SLC, these transporters are functional as either monomers or obligate homo- or hetero-oligomers. Many SLC families are members of the major facilitator superfamily.
Contents
1Scope
2Subcellular distribution
3Nomenclature system
4Families[4]
5Putative SLCs
6References
7External links
Scope
By convention of the nomenclature system, members within an individual SLC family have greater than 20-25% sequence homology to each other. In contrast, the homology between SLC families is very low to non-existent.[3] Hence, the criteria for inclusion of a family into the SLC group is not evolutionary relatedness to other SLC families but rather functional (i.e., an integral membrane protein that transports a solute).
The SLC group include examples of transport proteins that are:
facilitative transporters (allow solutes to flow downhill with their electrochemical gradients)
secondary active transporters (allow solutes to flow uphill against their electrochemical gradient by coupling to transport of a second solute that flows downhill with its gradient such that the overall free energy change is still favorable)
The SLC series does not include members of transport protein families that have previously been classified by other widely accepted nomenclature systems including:
primary active transporters (allow flow uphill against electrochemical gradients) such as ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporters by coupling transport to an energy releasing event such as ATP hydrolysis
ion channels
aquaporins (water channels)
Subcellular distribution
Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane, but some members are located in mitochondria (the most notable one being SLC family 25) or other intracellular organelles.
Nomenclature system
Names of individual SLC members have the following format:
SLCnXm
where:
SLC is the root name (SoLute Carrier)
n = an integer representing a family (e.g., 1-52)
X = a single letter (A, B, C, ...) denoting a subfamily
m = an integer representing an individual family member (isoform).
For example, SLC1A1 is the first isoform of subfamily A of SLC family 1.
An exception occurs with SLC family 21 (the organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters), which for historical reasons have names in the format SLCOnXm where n = family number, X = subfamily letter, and m = member number.
While the HGNC nomenclature system by definition only includes human genes, the nomenclature system has been informally extended to include rodent species through the use of lowercase letters (e.g., Slc1a1 denotes the rodent ortholog of the human SLC1A1 gene).
Families[4]
(1) high-affinity glutamate and neutral amino acid transporter[5]
(59) Sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter family
(SLC59A1, SLC59A2)
(60) Glucose transporters
(SLC60A1, SLC60A2)
(61) Molybdate transporter family
(SLC61A1)
(62) Pyrophosphate transporters
(SLC62A1)
(63) Sphingosine-phosphate transporters
(SLC63A1, SLC63A2, SLC63A3)
(64) Golgi Ca2+/H+ exchangers
(SLC64A1)
(65) NPC-type cholesterol transporters
(SLC65A1, SLC65A2)
Putative SLCs
Putative SLCs, also called atypical SLCs, are novel, plausible secondary active or facilitative transansporter proteins that share ancestral background with the known SLCs. However, they have not been assigned a name according to the SLC root system, or been classified into any of the existing SLC families.[2][47] The atypical SLCs of MFS type can, however, be subdivided into 15 Putative MFS Transporter Families (AMTF).[47]
All the putative SLCs are plausible SLC transporters. They are only "atypical" when it comes to their names; the genes are not called according to the SLC root system.
Here are some Putative SLCs listed: OCA2, CLN3, TMEM104, SPNS1, SPNS2, SPNS3, SV2A, SV2B, SV2C, SVOP, SVOPL, MFSD1,[48] MFSD2A, MFSD2B, MFSD3,[48] MFSD4A,[49] MFSD4B, MFSD5,[50] MFSD6, MFSD6L, MFSD8, MFSD9,[49] MFSD10, MFSD11,[50] MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14A,[51] MFSD14B,[51] UNC93A[52] and UNC93B1.
References
^Hediger MA, Romero MF, Peng JB, Rolfs A, Takanaga H, Bruford EA (February 2004). "The ABCs of solute carriers: physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications of human membrane transport proteinsIntroduction". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 465–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1192-y. PMID 14624363.
^ abPerland E, Fredriksson R (March 2017). "Classification Systems of Secondary Active Transporters". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 38 (3): 305–315. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.008. PMID 27939446.
^Höglund PJ, Nordström KJ, Schiöth HB, Fredriksson R (April 2011). "The solute carrier families have a remarkably long evolutionary history with the majority of the human families present before divergence of Bilaterian species". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (4): 1531–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq350. PMC 3058773. PMID 21186191.
^Kanai Y, Hediger MA (February 2004). "The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 469–79. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1146-4. PMID 14530974.
^Uldry M, Thorens B (February 2004). "The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters" (PDF). Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 480–9. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1085-0. PMID 12750891.
^Palacín M, Kanai Y (February 2004). "The ancillary proteins of HATs: SLC3 family of amino acid transporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 490–4. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1062-7. PMID 14770309.
^Romero MF, Fulton CM, Boron WF (February 2004). "The SLC4 family of HCO 3 - transporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 495–509. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1180-2. PMID 14722772.
^Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858.
^Chen NH, Reith ME, Quick MW (February 2004). "Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 519–31. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1064-5. PMID 12719981.
^Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (February 2004). "CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters" (PDF). Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 532–42. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1086-z. PMID 14770310.
^Quednau BD, Nicoll DA, Philipson KD (February 2004). "The sodium/calcium exchanger family-SLC8". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 543–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1065-4. PMID 12734757.
^Orlowski J, Grinstein S (February 2004). "Diversity of the mammalian sodium/proton exchanger SLC9 gene family". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 549–65. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1110-3. PMID 12845533.
^Hagenbuch B, Dawson P (February 2004). "The sodium bile salt cotransport family SLC10" (PDF). Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 566–70. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1130-z. PMID 12851823.
^Mackenzie B, Hediger MA (February 2004). "SLC11 family of H+-coupled metal-ion transporters NRAMP1 and DMT1". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 571–9. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1141-9. PMID 14530973.
^Hebert SC, Mount DB, Gamba G (February 2004). "Molecular physiology of cation-coupled Cl- cotransport: the SLC12 family". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 580–93. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1066-3. PMID 12739168.
^Markovich D, Murer H (February 2004). "The SLC13 gene family of sodium sulphate/carboxylate cotransporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 594–602. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1128-6. PMID 12915942.
^Shayakul C, Hediger MA (February 2004). "The SLC14 gene family of urea transporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 603–9. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1124-x. PMID 12856182.
^Daniel H, Kottra G (February 2004). "The proton oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15 in physiology and pharmacology". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 610–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1101-4. PMID 12905028.
^Halestrap AP, Meredith D (February 2004). "The SLC16 gene family-from monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 619–28. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1067-2. PMID 12739169.
^Reimer RJ, Edwards RH (February 2004). "Organic anion transport is the primary function of the SLC17/type I phosphate transporter family". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 629–35. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1087-y. PMID 12811560.
^Eiden LE, Schäfer MK, Weihe E, Schütz B (February 2004). "The vesicular amine transporter family (SLC18): amine/proton antiporters required for vesicular accumulation and regulated exocytotic secretion of monoamines and acetylcholine". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 636–40. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1100-5. PMID 12827358.
^Collins JF, Bai L, Ghishan FK (February 2004). "The SLC20 family of proteins: dual functions as sodium-phosphate cotransporters and viral receptors". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 647–52. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1088-x. PMID 12759754.
^Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ (February 2004). "Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/ SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/ SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 653–65. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1168-y. PMID 14579113.
^Koepsell H, Endou H (February 2004). "The SLC22 drug transporter family". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 666–76. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1089-9. PMID 12883891.
^Schnetkamp PP (February 2004). "The SLC24 Na+/Ca2+-K+ exchanger family: vision and beyond". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 683–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1069-0. PMID 14770312.
^Palmieri F (February 2004). "The mitochondrial transporter family (SLC25): physiological and pathological implications". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 689–709. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1099-7. PMID 14598172.
^Mount DB, Romero MF (February 2004). "The SLC26 gene family of multifunctional anion exchangers". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 710–21. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1090-3. PMID 12759755.
^Stahl A (February 2004). "A current review of fatty acid transport proteins (SLC27)". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 722–7. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1106-z. PMID 12856180.
^Baldwin SA, Beal PR, Yao SY, King AE, Cass CE, Young JD (February 2004). "The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 735–43. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1103-2. PMID 12838422.
^Palmiter RD, Huang L (February 2004). "Efflux and compartmentalization of zinc by members of the SLC30 family of solute carriers". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 744–51. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1070-7. PMID 12748859.
^Gasnier B (February 2004). "The SLC32 transporter, a key protein for the synaptic release of inhibitory amino acids". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 756–9. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1091-2. PMID 12750892.
^Hirabayashi Y, Kanamori A, Nomura KH, Nomura K (February 2004). "The acetyl-CoA transporter family SLC33". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 760–2. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1071-6. PMID 12739170.
^Murer H, Forster I, Biber J (February 2004). "The sodium phosphate cotransporter family SLC34" (PDF). Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 763–7. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1072-5. PMID 12750889.
^Ishida N, Kawakita M (February 2004). "Molecular physiology and pathology of the nucleotide sugar transporter family (SLC35)". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 768–75. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1093-0. PMID 12759756.
^Boll M, Daniel H, Gasnier B (February 2004). "The SLC36 family: proton-coupled transporters for the absorption of selected amino acids from extracellular and intracellular proteolysis". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 776–9. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1073-4. PMID 12748860.
^Bartoloni L, Antonarakis SE (February 2004). "The human sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger family SLC37". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 780–3. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1105-0. PMID 12811562.
^Eide DJ (February 2004). "The SLC39 family of metal ion transporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 796–800. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1074-3. PMID 12748861.
^McKie AT, Barlow DJ (February 2004). "The SLC40 basolateral iron transporter family (IREG1/ferroportin/MTP1)". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 801–6. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1102-3. PMID 12836025.
^Nakhoul NL, Hamm LL (February 2004). "Non-erythroid Rh glycoproteins: a putative new family of mammalian ammonium transporters". Pflügers Archiv. 447 (5): 807–12. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1142-8. PMID 12920597.
^ abPerland E, Bagchi S, Klaesson A, Fredriksson R (September 2017). "Characteristics of 29 novel putative solute carriers of major facilitator superfamily type: evolutionary conservation, predicted structure and neuronal co-expression". Open Biology. 7 (9): 170142. doi:10.1098/rsob.170142. PMC 5627054. PMID 28878041.
^ abPerland E, Hellsten SV, Lekholm E, Eriksson MM, Arapi V, Fredriksson R (February 2017). "The Novel Membrane-Bound Proteins MFSD1 and MFSD3 are Putative SLC Transporters Affected by Altered Nutrient Intake". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 61 (2): 199–214. doi:10.1007/s12031-016-0867-8. PMC 5321710. PMID 27981419.
^ abPerland E, Hellsten SV, Schweizer N, Arapi V, Rezayee F, Bushra M, Fredriksson R (2017). "Structural prediction of two novel human atypical SLC transporters, MFSD4A and MFSD9, and their neuroanatomical distribution in mice". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0186325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186325. PMC 5648162. PMID 29049335.
^ abPerland E, Lekholm E, Eriksson MM, Bagchi S, Arapi V, Fredriksson R (2016). "The Putative SLC Transporters Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 Are Abundantly Expressed in the Mouse Brain and Have a Potential Role in Energy Homeostasis". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0156912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156912. PMC 4896477. PMID 27272503.
^ abLekholm E, Perland E, Eriksson MM, Hellsten SV, Lindberg FA, Rostami J, Fredriksson R (2017). "Putative Membrane-Bound Transporters MFSD14A and MFSD14B Are Neuronal and Affected by Nutrient Availability". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 10: 11. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00011. PMC 5263138. PMID 28179877.
^Ceder MM, Lekholm E, Hellsten SV, Perland E, Fredriksson R (2017). "The Neuronal and Peripheral Expressed Membrane-Bound UNC93A Respond to Nutrient Availability in Mice". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 10: 351. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00351. PMC 5671512. PMID 29163028.
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Glutamine transporters in mammalian cells and their functions in physiology and cancer.
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The SLC (solute carrier)-type transporters (~400 in number) in mammalian cells consist of 52 distinct gene families, grouped solely based on the amino acid sequence (primary structure) of the transporter proteins and not on their transport function. Among them are the transporters for amino acids. F
Solute carriers (SLCs) identified and characterized from kidney transcriptome of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) (Fam: Cyprinidae).
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Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology.Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol.2016 Oct;200:54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.06.003. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
The solute carriers (SLC) are trans-membrane proteins, those regulate the transport of various substances (sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, inorganic cations/anions, metals, drugs etc.) across the cell membrane. There are more than 338 solute carriers (slc) reported in fishes that play crucial role
The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 300 members organized into 52 families. [1] Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was ...