social insurance

• 社会保険

WordNet

1. tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind; "ants are social insects"
2. relating to human society and its members; "social institutions"; "societal evolution"; "societal forces"; "social legislation" (同)societal
3. composed of sociable people or formed for the purpose of sociability; "a purely social club"; "the church has a large social hall"; "a social director"
4. living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups; "a human being is a social animal"; "mature social behavior"
5. marked by friendly companionship with others; "a social cup of coffee"
6. relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society; "made fun of her being so social and high-toned"; "a social gossip colum"; "the society page"
7. promise of reimbursement in the case of loss; paid to people or companies so concerned about hazards that they have made prepayments to an insurance company

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『社会の』,社会的な / 『社交界の』,上流社会の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『社交の』,親睦(しんぼく)の / (アリ・ハチなどが)群居する / 親睦(しんぼく)会,懇親会
2. 〈U〉『保険』保険契約 / 〈U〉『保険金』,保険料 / 〈U〉保険業 / 〈C〉(一般に)予防(保護)手段

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/14 14:01:43」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Social insurance is any government-sponsored program with the following four characteristics:

• the benefits, eligibility requirements and other aspects of the program are defined by statute;
• explicit provision is made to account for the income and expenses (often through a trust fund);
• it is funded by taxes or premiums paid by (or on behalf of) participants (although additional sources of funding may be provided as well); and
• the program serves a defined population, and participation is either compulsory or the program is heavily enough subsidized that most eligible individuals choose to participate.

Social insurance has also been defined as a program where risks are transferred to and pooled by an organization, often governmental, that is legally required to provide certain benefits.

In the U.S., programs that meet these definitions include Social Security, Medicare, the PBGC program, the railroad retirement program and state-sponsored unemployment insurance programs. The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) is also a social insurance program.

Similarities to private insurance

Typical similarities between social insurance programs and private insurance programs include:

• Wide pooling of risks;
• Specific definitions of the benefits provided;
• Specific definitions of eligibility rules and the amount of coverage provided;
• Specific premium, contribution or tax rates required to meet the expected costs of the system.

Differences from private insurance

Typical differences between private insurance programs and social insurance programs include:

• Equity versus Adequacy: Private insurance programs are generally designed with greater emphasis on equity between individual purchasers of coverage, while social insurance programs generally place a greater emphasis on the social adequacy of benefits for all participants.
• Voluntary versus Mandatory Participation: Participation in private insurance programs is often voluntary, and where the purchase of insurance is mandatory, individuals usually have a choice of insurers. Participation in social insurance programs is generally mandatory, and where participation is voluntary, the cost is heavily enough subsidized to ensure essentially universal participation.
• Contractual versus Statutory Rights: The right to benefits in a private insurance program is contractual, based on an insurance contract. The insurer generally does not have a unilateral right to change or terminate coverage before the end of the contract period (except in such cases as non-payment of premiums). Social insurance programs are not generally based on a contract, but rather on a statute, and the right to benefits is thus statutory rather than contractual. The provisions of the program can be changed if the statute is modified.
• Funding: Most international systems of social insurance are funded on an ongoing basis without reference to future liabilities. This is seen as a matter of solidarity between generations and between the sick and the healthy as a part of the social contract. In essence this means that the current generation of healthy working people pay something now to meet the health care and living costs of those who are currently temporarily incapacitated through sickness or who have ceased work through old age or disability. The main exception to this rule is the United States. There, the two largest programs, Medicare and Social Security programs, the administrators have historically collected more in social premiums than they have paid out as social benefits. The difference is retained in a trust fund. In both programs, U.S. government actuaries periodically attempt to predict up to 70 years in advance the longevity of the fund. To do so they have to estimate the future rates of contributions and pensions, the types of health care needs of the beneficiaries, and what that might cost. No other country in the world does this. Despite these U.S. programs being in considerable surplus, the political argument is often that these programs are "going bankrupt" or that politicians have spent the money on other things, neither of which can be. Although social insurance programs are often not fully funded, some argue that full funding is not economically desirable.. Some argue that private insurance is fully funded, but this is not always true. Employer provided pension plans are frequently underfunded and private life insurance companies set their annual premiums against likely costs in the coming year and do not project future premiums and expenditure 70 years into the future as Medicare is forced to do.

See also

• Generational accounting
• Social Insurance Number (Canada)
• Social security
• Social Security (United States)
• Social Security (Sweden)
• Social Security (Australia)
• Social Security Disability Insurance (United States)
• Social health insurance
• Social Protection
• Social Protection Floor
• Social safety net
• Social welfare provision
• Welfare state
• Welfare culture

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Detection of influenza-like illness aberrations by directly monitoring Pearson residuals of fitted negative binomial regression models.

• Chan TC1, Teng YC, Hwang JS.
• BMC public health.BMC Public Health.2015 Dec;15:1500. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1500-4. Epub 2015 Feb 21.
• BACKGROUND: Emerging novel influenza outbreaks have increasingly been a threat to the public and a major concern of public health departments. Real-time data in seamless surveillance systems such as health insurance claims data for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) are ready for analysis, making it hig
• PMID 25778199

• Using a community-based definition of poverty for targeting poor households for premium subsidies in the context of a community health insurance in Burkina Faso.

• Savadogo G1, Souarès A, Sié A, Parmar D, Bibeau G, Sauerborn R.
• BMC public health.BMC Public Health.2015 Dec;15:1335. doi: 10.1186/s12889-014-1335-4. Epub 2015 Feb 6.
• BACKGROUND: One of the biggest challenges in subsidizing premiums of poor households for community health insurance is the identification and selection of these households. Generally, poverty assessments in developing countries are based on monetary terms. The household is regarded as poor if its in
• PMID 25778113

• Multiplicative disadvantage of being an unmarried and inadequately insured woman living in poverty with colon cancer: historical cohort exploration in California.

• Levitz NR1, Haji-Jama S, Munro T, Gorey KM, Luginaah IN, Bartfay E, Zou G, Wright FC, Kanjeekal SM, Hamm C, Balagurusamy MK, Holowaty EJ.
• BMC women's health.BMC Womens Health.2015 Dec;15(1):166. doi: 10.1186/s12905-015-0166-5. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
• BACKGROUND: Many Americans diagnosed with colon cancer do not receive indicated chemotherapy. Certain unmarried women may be particularly disadvantaged. A 3-way interaction of the multiplicative disadvantages of being an unmarried and inadequately insured woman living in poverty was explored.METHODS
• PMID 25783640

Japanese Journal

• 独自に進化発達した国民皆保険制度に囚われた我が国特有の医療文化に関する考察

• 南淵 明宏,Akihiro Nabuchi
• 比較文明研究 = Journal for the Comparative Study of Civilizations 18, 131-145, 2013-06-25
• … That phenomenon is owing the government-organized insurance system. …
• NAID 120005305822

• 〈書評〉李蓮花著『東アジアにおける後発近代化と社会政策 : 韓国と台湾の医療保険政策』 ミネルヴァ書房　2011

• 真殿 仁美
• 彦根論叢 (第396号), 90-91, 2013-06-00
• NAID 120005296736

• グローバル時代における日本の雇用型テレワークの労働契約についての一考察(<特集>グローバリゼーションとテレワーク)

• 野口 邦夫
• 日本テレワーク学会誌 11(1), 51-55, 2013-04-01
• 現在およびこれからの日本の雇用型テレワークの労働契約のあり方・考え方を雇用契約の起源の史的考察をもとに考える。グローバリゼーションの進展のなか、日本的雇用慣行は国内外とも通用しなくなる。雇用による仕事の仕方は、日本国内にとどまらず世界規模で考えないといけない。日本の労働法の労働契約は、形式的にはジョブをもとにした契約である。しかし実際の運用は、属する組織とのメンバーシップ契約(身分契約)的となって …
• NAID 110009603655

Related Links

• Social insurance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Social insurance is any government-sponsored program with the following four characteristics: the benefits, eligibility requirements and other aspects of the program are defined by statute;; explicit provision is made to account for the income ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「社会保険」
関連記事	「social」

「社会保険」

　　[★]

英

social insurance

関

社会保障

社会保険の構成

SUB.80

	被保険者	給付内容	窓口
医療保険	全人口	現物	社会保険事務所	皆保険制
年金保険	20-60歳	現金		皆年金制
労災保険	労働者	現物	労働基準監督署	自営業者、学生は対象外 保険料は事業主が負担
		現金
雇用保険	労働者	現金	公共職業安定所	保険料は事業主と労働者が負担
介護保険	第1号(65歳以上)	現物	市町村	第2号は医療保険に加入しており、40-65歳未満である場合
	第2号(40-65歳未満)

「social」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 社会的な、社会性の

関

sociality、socially