関: dentate、serrate

WordNet

the condition of being serrated; "the serrations of a city skyline"
a single notch in a row of notches; "one of the serrations was broken off"
a row of notches; "the pliers had serrations to improve the grip"
make saw-toothed or jag the edge of; "serrate the edges of the teeth"
notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex (同)serrated, saw-toothed, toothed, notched
having toothlike projections in the margin

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(葉の縁が)のこぎり歯状の
(植物・動物が)歯のある,歯状突起のある

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/15 13:59:13」(JST)

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1. 先天梅毒：臨床的特徴および診断 congenital syphilis clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Regulation of Compound Leaf Development by PHANTASTICA in Medicago truncatula.

Ge L, Peng J, Berbel A, Madueño F, Chen R.Author information Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401.AbstractPlant leaves, simple or compound, initiate as peg-like structures from the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem, which requires class I KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOXI (KNOXI) transcription factors to maintain its activity. The MYB domain protein encoded by the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1/ROUGH SHEATH2/PHANTASTICA (ARP) gene, together with other factors, excludes KNOXI gene expression from incipient leaf primordia to initiate leaves and specify leaf adaxial identity. However, the regulatory relationship between ARP and KNOXI is more complex in compound-leafed species. Here, we investigated the role of ARP and KNOXI genes in compound leaf development in Medicago truncatula. We show that the M. truncatula phantastica mutant exhibited severe compound leaf defects, including curling and deep serration of leaf margins, shortened petioles, increased rachises, petioles acquiring motor organ characteristics, and ectopic development of petiolules. On the other hand, the M. truncatula brevipedicellus mutant did not exhibit visible compound leaf defects. Our analyses show that the altered petiole development requires ectopic expression of ELONGATED PETIOLULE1, which encodes a lateral organ boundary domain protein, and that the distal margin serration requires the auxin efflux protein M. truncatula PIN-FORMED10 in the M. truncatula phantastica mutant.
Plant physiology.Plant Physiol.2014 Jan;164(1):216-28. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.229914. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
Plant leaves, simple or compound, initiate as peg-like structures from the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem, which requires class I KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOXI (KNOXI) transcription factors to maintain its activity. The MYB domain protein encoded by the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1/ROUGH SHEATH2/PHANTA
PMID 24218492

How ultrasound technologies have expanded and revolutionized research in reproduction in large animals.

Ginther OJ.Author information Eutheria Foundation, Cross Plains, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Electronic address: ginther@vetmed.wisc.edu.AbstractGray-scale ultrasonic imaging (UI) was introduced in 1980 and initially was used to examine clinically the reproductive tract of mares. By 1983 in mares and 1984 in heifers/cows, UI had become a tool for basic research. In each species, transrectal gray-scale UI has been used extensively to characterize follicle dynamics and investigate the gonadotropic control and hormonal role of the follicles. However, the use of transrectal UI has also disclosed and characterized many other aspects of reproduction in each species, including (1) endometrial echotexture as a biological indicator of circulating estradiol concentrations, (2) relative location of the genital tubercle for fetal gender diagnosis by Days 50 to 60, and (3) timing of follicle evacuation during ovulation. Discoveries in mares include (1) embryo mobility wherein the spherical conceptus (6-16 mm) travels to all parts of the uterus on Days 11 to 15, (2) how one embryo of a twin set eliminates the other without self-inflicted damage, and (3) serration of the granulosum of the preovulatory follicle opposite to the future rupture site as an indicator of imminent ovulation. Studies with color-Doppler UI have shown that vascular perfusion of the endometrium follows the equine embryo back and forth between uterine horns and follows the expansion of the bovine allantochorion throughout each horn. In heifers, blood flow in the CL increases during the ascending portion of an individual pulse of PGF2α metabolite and then decreases. These examples highlight the power of UI in reproduction research. Without UI, it is likely that these and many other findings would still be unknown.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Jan 1;81(1):112-25. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.007.
Gray-scale ultrasonic imaging (UI) was introduced in 1980 and initially was used to examine clinically the reproductive tract of mares. By 1983 in mares and 1984 in heifers/cows, UI had become a tool for basic research. In each species, transrectal gray-scale UI has been used extensively to characte
PMID 24274416

An Activated Form of UFO Alters Leaf Development and Produces Ectopic Floral and Inflorescence Meristems.

Risseeuw E1, Venglat P1, Xiang D1, Komendant K1, Daskalchuk T1, Babic V1, Crosby W2, Datla R1.Author information 1Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, Saskatoon, Canada.2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.AbstractPlants are unique in their ability to continuously produce new meristems and organ primordia. In Arabidopsis, the transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) functions as a master regulator of a gene network that is important for floral meristem and organ specification. UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) is a co-activator of LEAFY and is required for proper activation of APETALA3 in the floral meristem during the specification of stamens and petals. The ufo mutants display defects in other parts of the flower and the inflorescence, suggestive of additional roles. Here we show that the normal determinacy of the developing Arabidopsis leaves is affected by the expression of a gain-of-function UFO fusion protein with the VP16 transcriptional activator domain. In these lines, the rosette and cauline leaf primordia exhibit reiterated serration, and upon flowering produce ectopic meristems that develop into flowers, bract leaves and inflorescences. These striking phenotypes reveal that developing leaves maintain the competency to initiate flower and inflorescence programs. Furthermore, the gain-of-function phenotypes are dependent on LFY and the SEPALLATA (SEP) MADS-box transcription factors, indicative of their functional interactions with UFO. The findings of this study also suggest that UFO promotes the establishment of the lateral meristems and primordia in the peripheral zone of the apical and floral meristems by enhancing the activity of LFY. These novel phenotypes along with the mutant phenotypes of UFO orthologs in other plant species suggest a broader function for UFO in plants.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Dec 23;8(12):e83807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083807.
Plants are unique in their ability to continuously produce new meristems and organ primordia. In Arabidopsis, the transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) functions as a master regulator of a gene network that is important for floral meristem and organ specification. UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) is a co-acti
PMID 24376756

A Quantitative Framework for Flower Phenotyping in Cultivated Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.).

Chacón B1, Ballester R1, Birlanga V1, Rolland-Lagan AG2, Pérez-Pérez JM1.Author information 1Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.2Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.AbstractMost important breeding goals in ornamental crops are plant appearance and flower characteristics where selection is visually performed on direct offspring of crossings. We developed an image analysis toolbox for the acquisition of flower and petal images from cultivated carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) that was validated by a detailed analysis of flower and petal size and shape in 78 commercial cultivars of D. caryophyllus, including 55 standard, 22 spray and 1 pot carnation cultivars. Correlation analyses allowed us to reduce the number of parameters accounting for the observed variation in flower and petal morphology. Convexity was used as a descriptor for the level of serration in flowers and petals. We used a landmark-based approach that allowed us to identify eight main principal components (PCs) accounting for most of the variance observed in petal shape. The effect and the strength of these PCs in standard and spray carnation cultivars are consistent with shared underlying mechanisms involved in the morphological diversification of petals in both subpopulations. Our results also indicate that neighbor-joining trees built with morphological data might infer certain phylogenetic relationships among carnation cultivars. Based on estimated broad-sense heritability values for some flower and petal features, different genetic determinants shall modulate the responses of flower and petal morphology to environmental cues in this species. We believe our image analysis toolbox could allow capturing flower variation in other species of high ornamental value.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Dec 13;8(12):e82165. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082165.
Most important breeding goals in ornamental crops are plant appearance and flower characteristics where selection is visually performed on direct offspring of crossings. We developed an image analysis toolbox for the acquisition of flower and petal images from cultivated carnation (Dianthus caryophy
PMID 24349209