WordNet

make saw-toothed or jag the edge of; "serrate the edges of the teeth"
notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex (同)serrated, saw-toothed, toothed, notched
the condition of being serrated; "the serrations of a city skyline"
a single notch in a row of notches; "one of the serrations was broken off"
a row of notches; "the pliers had serrations to improve the grip"
having toothlike projections in the margin
having saw-like notches with the notches themselves similarly notched
brown algae seaweed with serrated edges (同)Fucus serratus, tang

PrepTutorEJDIC

(葉の縁が)のこぎり歯状の
(植物・動物が)歯のある,歯状突起のある
=serrate

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/31 08:14:55」(JST)

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The serrated edges of tiger shark teeth

A hunting knife with a serrated back edge

Serrated leaves of the stinging nettle, Urtica dioica

Serration generally refers to a saw-like appearance or a row of sharp or tooth-like projections. A serrated cutting edge has many small points of contact with the material being cut. By having less contact area than a smooth blade or other edge, the applied pressure at each point of contact is greater and the points of contact are at a sharper angle to the material being cut. This causes a cutting action that involves many small splits in the surface of the material being cut, which cumulatively serve to cut the material along the line of the blade.^[1]

In nature, serration is commonly seen in the cutting edge on the teeth of some species, usually sharks. However, it also appears on non-cutting surfaces, for example in botany where a toothed leaf margin or other plant part, such as the edge of a carnation petal, is described as being serrated. A serrated leaf edge may reduce the force of wind and other natural elements.^[2] Probably the largest serrations on Earth occur on the skylines of mountains (the Spanish word sierra, as in Sierra Nevada, means a saw). These occur both due to the uneven action of landform edges pushing rock upwards, and the uneven action of erosion.

Human uses of serration have copied, and gone beyond, those found in nature. For example, the teeth on a saw or other serrated blade serves a similar cutting or scraping purpose as the serration of an animal tooth. Tailors use pinking shears to cut cloth with a serrated edge, which, somewhat counterintuitively, reduces fraying by reducing the average length of a thread that may be pulled from the edge.^[3] A type of serration is also found in airframe shapes used in certain stealth aircraft, which use the jaggedness of the serrated edge to deflect radar signals from seams and edges where a straight, non-serrated edge would reflect radar signals back to the source. Screw threads show serration in profile, although they are usually shown in abbreviated or symbolic fashion on mechanical drawings to save time and ink. Brogue shoes are made with serrated edges on the leather pieces, for no known purpose at all other than style. The step clamp and step block assembly in metalworking adopt serration for the purpose of applying clamping pressure from an adjustable position.

References

^ Alloway, David (2000). Desert Survival Skills. University of Texas Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-292-70492-3.
^ Alan R. Hemsley, Imogen Poole, The Evolution of Plant Physiology (2005), p. 220.
^ Heather Audin, Making Victorian Costumes for Women (2015), Ch. 2.

External links

English Journal

New insights into Notch1 regulation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR1 signaling axis: targeted therapy of γ-secretase inhibitor resistant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Hales EC, Taub JW, Matherly LH.Author information Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.AbstractT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized as a high-risk stratified disease associated with frequent relapse, chemotherapy resistance, and a poorer prognostic outlook than B-precursor ALL. Many of the challenges in treating T-ALL reflect the lack of prognostic cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities on which to base therapy, including targeted therapy. Notch1 activating mutations were identified in more than 50% of T-ALL cases and can be therapeutically targeted with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs). Mutant Notch1 can activate cMyc and PI3K-AKT-mTOR1 signaling in T-ALL. In T-ALLs with wild-type phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), Notch1 transcriptionally represses PTEN, an effect reversible by GSIs. Notch1 also promotes growth factor receptor (IGF1R and IL7Rα) signaling to PI3K-AKT. Loss of PTEN is common in primary T-ALLs due to mutation or posttranslational inactivation and results in chronic activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR1 signaling, GSI-resistance, and repression of p53-mediated apoptosis. Notch1 itself might regulate posttranslational inactivation of PTEN. PP2A is activated by Notch1 in PTEN-null T-ALL cells, and GSIs reduce PP2A activity and increase phosphorylation of AKT, AMPK, and p70S6K. This review focuses on the central role of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR1 signaling in T-ALL, including its regulation by Notch1 and potential therapeutic interventions, with emphasis on GSI-resistant T-ALL.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2014 Jan;26(1):149-61. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized as a high-risk stratified disease associated with frequent relapse, chemotherapy resistance, and a poorer prognostic outlook than B-precursor ALL. Many of the challenges in treating T-ALL reflect the lack of prognostic cytogenetic or molec
PMID 24140475

Control of single-spin magnetic anisotropy by exchange coupling.

Oberg JC1, Calvo MR2, Delgado F3, Moro-Lagares M4, Serrate D4, Jacob D5, Fernández-Rossier J3, Hirjibehedin CF6.Author information 11] London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [3].21] London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] [3].3International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.41] Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain [2] Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.5Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, 06120 Halle, Germany.61] London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [3] Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.AbstractThe properties of quantum systems interacting with their environment, commonly called open quantum systems, can be affected strongly by this interaction. Although this can lead to unwanted consequences, such as causing decoherence in qubits used for quantum computation, it can also be exploited as a probe of the environment. For example, magnetic resonance imaging is based on the dependence of the spin relaxation times of protons in water molecules in a host's tissue. Here we show that the excitation energy of a single spin, which is determined by magnetocrystalline anisotropy and controls its stability and suitability for use in magnetic data-storage devices, can be modified by varying the exchange coupling of the spin to a nearby conductive electrode. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we observe variations up to a factor of two of the spin excitation energies of individual atoms as the strength of the spin's coupling to the surrounding electronic bath changes. These observations, combined with calculations, show that exchange coupling can strongly modify the magnetic anisotropy. This system is thus one of the few open quantum systems in which the energy levels, and not just the excited-state lifetimes, can be renormalized controllably. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, a property normally determined by the local structure around a spin, can be tuned electronically. These effects may play a significant role in the development of spintronic devices in which an individual magnetic atom or molecule is coupled to conducting leads.
Nature nanotechnology.Nat Nanotechnol.2014 Jan;9(1):64-8. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2013.264. Epub 2013 Dec 8.
The properties of quantum systems interacting with their environment, commonly called open quantum systems, can be affected strongly by this interaction. Although this can lead to unwanted consequences, such as causing decoherence in qubits used for quantum computation, it can also be exploited as a
PMID 24317285

An Unexpected Link Between Notch Signaling and ROS in Restricting the Differentiation of Hematopoietic Progenitors in Drosophila.

Small C, Ramroop J, Otazo M, Huang LH, Saleque S, Govind S.Author information City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York;AbstractA fundamental question in hematopoietic development is how multipotent progenitors achieve precise identities, while the progenitors themselves maintain quiescence. In Drosophila melanogaster larvae, multipotent hematopoietic progenitors support the production of three lineages, exhibit quiescence in response to cues from a niche, and from their differentiated progeny. Infection by parasitic wasps alters the course of hematopoiesis. Here we address the role of Notch (N) signaling in lamellocyte differentiation in response to wasp infection. We show that Notch activity is moderately high and ubiquitous in all cells of the lymph gland lobes, with crystal cells exhibiting the highest levels. Wasp infection reduces Notch activity, which results in fewer crystal cells and more lamellocytes. Robust lamellocyte differentiation is induced even in N mutants. Using RNA interference-knockdown of N, Serrate, and Neuralized, and twin clone analysis of a N null allele, we show that all three genes inhibit lamellocyte differentiation. However, unlike its cell-autonomous function in crystal cell development, Notch's inhibitory influence on lamellocyte differentiation is not cell-autonomous. High levels of reactive oxygen species in the lymph gland lobes, but not in the niche, accompany NRNAi-induced lamellocyte differentiation and lobe dispersal. Our results define a novel dual role for Notch signaling in maintaining competence for basal hematopoiesis: while crystal cell development is encouraged, lamellocytic fate remains repressed. Repression of Notch signaling in fly hematopoiesis is important for host defense against natural parasitic wasp infections. These findings can serve as a model to understand how reactive oxygen species and Notch signals are integrated and interpreted in vivo.
Genetics.Genetics.2013 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]
A fundamental question in hematopoietic development is how multipotent progenitors achieve precise identities, while the progenitors themselves maintain quiescence. In Drosophila melanogaster larvae, multipotent hematopoietic progenitors support the production of three lineages, exhibit quiescence i
PMID 24318532

Soluble JAGGED1 inhibits pulmonary hypertension by attenuating notch signaling.

Xiao Y, Gong D, Wang W.Author information From the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.AbstractOBJECTIVE: Notch signaling has been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) as reflected by increased expression of Notch member proteins that induce the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Soluble Jagged1 (sJag1) has been shown to inhibit Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo; however, its capacity to suppress PH remains unknown.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2013 Dec;33(12):2733-9. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302062. Epub 2013 Sep 26.
OBJECTIVE: Notch signaling has been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) as reflected by increased expression of Notch member proteins that induce the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Soluble Jagged1 (sJag1) has been shown to inhibit
PMID 24072692

Japanese Journal

Tree-ring cellulose δ¹⁸O variability in pine and oak and its potential to reconstruct precipitation and relative humidity in central Japan

, ,
GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 49(2), 125-137, 2015
… Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of tree-ring cellulose in pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus serrate and Quercus variabilis) growing in central Japan from 1970 to 2011 share a common inter-annual variance among different cores in a tree, different trees in a species, and different species in a forest. …
NAID 130005067936

Multifoliate Leaf Formation in Induced Tetraploids of Trifolium alexandrinum L.

, , , ,
CYTOLOGIA 80(1), 59-66, 2015
… Distinct characteristic features observed among induced pentafoliate tetraploid plants were presence of serrate leaflet margin, prominent rachis and bold seeds. …
NAID 130004801659

小面積皆伐地におけるケヤキと先駆樹種の競合

國崎貴嗣,田中友紀
岩手大学農学部演習林報告 (45), 47-56, 2014-06
ケヤキ人工林に隣接するオウシュウトウヒ人工林内の小面積皆伐地2カ所を対象に，樹種組成，優占樹種における初期の樹高成長速度，ケヤキの更新タイプ(前更，後更)，樹形級を調べることで，小面積皆伐地におけるケヤキと先駆樹種との数年間の競合過程を推定した。両調査地で，ケヤキ，クサギ，タラノキの3樹種が上位3位を占めた。クサギの樹幹長成長速度はケヤキのそれより有意に高かった。調査地Aのケヤキ75本のうち，前更 …
NAID 120005461094

九州大学福岡演習林における樹木フェノロジーと積算温度との関係

榎木勉,壁村勇二,大崎繁,鍜治清弘,長澤久視,山内康平,井上幸子,古賀信也,田代直明
Bulletin of the Kyushu University Forests 95, 65-68, 2014-03-30
… serrate and the defoliation of a Q. … serrate tree were later than the other trees. …
NAID 120005451521