| Hypnosis |
| Applications |
- Hypnotherapy
- Stage hypnosis
- Self-hypnosis
|
| Origins |
- Animal magnetism
- Franz Mesmer
- History of hypnosis
- James Braid
|
| Key figures |
- Theodore Xenophon Barber
- Hippolyte Bernheim
- Gil Boyne
- John Milne Bramwell
- William Joseph Bryan
- Jean-Martin Charcot
- Émile Coué
- Dave Elman
- Milton H. Erickson
- James Esdaile
- John Elliotson
- Sigmund Freud
- Ernest Hilgard
- Clark L. Hull
- Pierre Janet
- Irving Kirsch
- Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
- Martin Theodore Orne
- Morton Prince
- Marquis of Puységur
- Andrew Salter
- Theodore R. Sarbin
- Nicholas Spanos
- André Muller Weitzenhoffer
|
| Related topics |
- Hypnotic susceptibility
- Suggestion
- Age regression in therapy
- Hypnotic induction
- Neuro-linguistic programming
- Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom
- Hypnotherapy in childbirth
|
|
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Self-hypnosis or autohypnosis is a form, process or result of hypnosis which is self-induced, and normally makes use of self-suggestion.[1] Self-hypnosis can make a person more yielding than normal.[citation needed]
Contents
- 1 Uses
- 1.1 Steps commonly used for self-hypnosis
- 1.2 James Braid
- 1.3 Émile Coué
- 1.4 Autogenic training
- 1.5 Andrew Salter
- 1.6 Self-hypnosis and stress
- 1.7 Childbirth anesthesia
- 1.8 Other uses
- 2 Research
- 3 See also
- 4 References
Uses
Self-hypnosis is used extensively in modern hypnotherapy. It can take the form of hypnosis carried out by means of a learned routine. Hypnosis may help pain management,[2] anxiety,[3][4] depression,[5] sleep disorders,[6] obesity, asthma, and skin conditions.[7] When this practice is mastered, it can improve concentration, recall, enhance problem solving, alleviate headaches and even improve one's control of emotions.[8]
Steps commonly used for self-hypnosis
Self-Hypnosis requires four distinct steps.
Step 1: Motivation. Without proper motivation, an individual will find it difficult to practice self-hypnosis
Step 2: Relaxation: The individual must be thoroughly relaxed and must set aside time to perform this act. Additionally, distractions should be eliminated as full attention is needed.
Step 3: Concentration: the individual needs to concentrate completely as energy is generated each time the mind focuses on a single image.
Step 4: Directing: This is an option used only when the individual wants to work on a specific goal. The individual must direct their concentration on visualizing the desired result.[8]
James Braid
The English term "hypnotism" was introduced in 1841 by the Scottish physician and surgeon James Braid. According to Braid, he first employed "self-hypnotism" (as he elsewhere refers to it) two years after discovering hypnotism, first teaching it to his clients before employing it on himself: "My first experiments on this point [i.e., self-hypnosis] were instituted in the presence of some friends on the 1st May, 1843, and following days. I believe they were the first experiments of the kind which had ever been tried, and they have succeeded in every case in which I have so operated."[9]
In a later work, Observations on Trance or Human Hybernation (1850), Braid provides probably the first account of self-hypnosis by someone employing it upon themselves.
Braid's Account of Self-Hypnotism
It is commonly said that seeing is believing, but feeling is the very truth. I shall, therefore, give the result of my experience of hypnotism in my own person. In the middle of September, 1844, I suffered from a most severe attack of rheumatism, implicating the left side of the neck and chest, and the left arm. At first the pain was moderately severe, and I took some medicine to remove it; but, instead of this, it became more and more violent, and had tormented me for three days, and was so excruciating, that it entirely deprived me of sleep for three nights successively, and on the last of the three nights I could not remain in any one posture for five minutes, from the severity of the pain. On the forenoon of the next day, whilst visiting my patients, every jolt of the carriage I could only compare to several sharp instruments being thrust through my shoulder, neck, and chest. A full inspiration was attended with stabbing pain, such as is experienced in pleurisy. When I returned home for dinner I could neither turn my head, lift my arm, nor draw a breath, without suffering extreme pain. In this condition I resolved to try the effects of hypnotism. I requested two friends, who were present, and who both understood the system, to watch the effects, and arouse me when I had passed sufficiently into the condition; and, with their assurance that they would give strict attention to their charge, I sat down and hypnotised myself, extending the extremities. At the expiration of nine minutes they aroused me, and, to my agreeable surprise, I was quite free from pain, being able to move in any way with perfect ease. I say agreeably surprised, on this account; I had seen like results with many patients; but it is one thing to hear of pain, and another to feel it. My suffering was so exquisite that I could not imagine anyone else ever suffered so intensely as myself on that occasion; and, therefore, I merely expected a mitigation, so that I was truly agreeably surprised to find myself quite free from pain. I continued quite easy all the afternoon, slept comfortably all night, and the following morning felt a little stiffness, but no pain. A week thereafter I had a slight return, which I removed by hypnotising myself once more; and I have remained quite free from rheumatism ever since, now nearly six years.[10]
Émile Coué
Émile Coué was one of the most influential figures in the subsequent development of self-hypnosis. His method of "conscious autosuggestion" became an internationally renowned self-help system at the start of the 20th century. Although Coué distanced himself from the concept of "hypnosis", he sometimes referred to what he was doing as self-hypnosis, as did his followers such as Charles Baudouin. Modern hypnotherapists regard Coué as part of their own field.
Autogenic training
Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932. Schultz based his approach on the work of the German hypnotist Oskar Vogt. The technique involves a step-by-step progression that begins from physiological conditioning, such as muscle relaxation, breathing control and heart rate control. Then it advances to psychic conditioning through mental imagery, acoustic therapy, etc.[11]
Andrew Salter
Reputedly, the first major academic journal article on self-hypnosis, 'Three techniques of autohypnosis', was published by the hypnotherapist and early behavior therapist Andrew Salter in 1941.[12]
Salter wrote an article describing the modus operandi of self-hypnosis but couldn't get it published. None of the professional journals would touch the piece. At length, after many rebuffs, he sent a copy to Professor Clark Leonard Hull, of Yale University's Psychology Department. Hull was the author of a work entitled Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach. Hull read Salter's article (though he had never heard of Salter) and was sufficiently impressed to send it along to the Journal of General Psychology, of which he was an editor.[13]
Salter's technique was developed over the space of two years during which he tested the methods with just over 200 subjects. Salter described methods of teaching self-hypnosis by:
- Autohypnosis by post-hypnotic suggestion
- Autohypnosis by memorised trance instructions (scripted suggestions)
- Fractional autohypnosis (part learning)
Salter's behavioral approach, influenced by Hull, was a primitive precursor of modern hypnotic skills training programmes such as the Carleton Skills Training Programme developed by Nicholas Spanos.[14]
Self-hypnosis and stress
Patients who are stressed and/or lack self-esteem can be taught self-hypnotic techniques which can induce relaxation and/or strengthen their self-esteem. Specifically, once the patient is in a self-hypnotic state the therapist can communicate messages to the patient, allowing the relaxation and strengthening process to occur.[14]
When teaching self-hypnosis, a word or phrase should be stated to the patient for them to repeat. This will not work unless the patient deliberately uses the word or phrase to hypnotize themselves.[14]:114
In addition, since stress prevents well-functioning of the immune system, researchers from Ohio State University came to a conclusion that self hypnosis to prevent stress can also help in protecting the immune system against the negative effects of it. They proved this by showing that students who performed self-hypnosis during stressful exam weeks showed a stronger immune system when compared to those who did not learn the technique of this phenomenon.[4]
Childbirth anesthesia
Self-hypnosis can help laboring women alleviate their pain. Joseph DeLee, an obstetrician, stated in the early 20th century that hypnosis was the only risk-free childbirth anesthetic. Common self-hypnotic techniques include:[15]
- Glove anesthesia: Pretending the hand is numb and placing it upon a painful region to remove the sensation there.
- Time distortion: Perceiving periods of time accompanied by pain as shorter in length and those free of pain as longer lasting.
- Imaginative transformation: Viewing the pain as a non-threatening, acceptable sensation (perhaps merely pressure) that causes no trouble.
Other uses
Self-directed thought which is based in hypnosis can be used for many other issues and behavioral problems.[citation needed]
Research
Reviewing the findings of three previous studies in this area, John F. Kihlstrom concluded: "Comparisons of self-hypnosis with more traditional 'hetero'-hypnosis show that they are highly correlated."[16] At the same time, Kihlstrom questions the extent to which most self-hypnosis qualitatively resembles the experience of traditional hetero-hypnosis.
See also
References
- ^ "Definition of autohypnosis". Collins English Dictionary. CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Patterson, David R. (2010). Clinical Hypnosis for Pain Control. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781433807688.
- ^ O'Neill, Lucy M.; Barnier, Amanda J.; McConkey, Kevin (June 1999). "Treating anxiety with self-hypnosis and relaxation". Contemporary Hypnosis 16 (2): 68–80. doi:10.1002/ch.154.
- ^ a b Holland, Earle (2001). "Hypnosis may prevent weakened immune status, improve health". Ohio State University Research News. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ Lynn, Steven J.; Kirsch, Irving (2006). "Depression". Essentials of Clinical Hypnosis: An Evidence-Based Approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 121–134. doi:10.1037/11365-008. ISBN 1591473446.
- ^ Graci, Gina M.; Hardie, John C. (May 2007). "Evidenced-based hypnotherapy for the management of sleep disorders". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 55 (3): 288–302. doi:10.1080/00207140701338662. PMID 17558719.
- ^ Mendoza, M. Elena; Capafons, Antonio (2009). "Efficacy of clinical hypnosis: a summary of its empirical evidence" (PDF). Papeles del Psicólogo 30 (2): 98–116. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ a b Moss, Vicki (April 1985). "Beating the stress connection: self-hypnosis". AORN Journal 41 (4): 720–722. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)66292-9. PMID 3888104.
- ^ Braid, James (1843). "Author's preface". Neurypnology; or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism. London: John Churchill.
- ^ Braid, James (1850). Observations on Trance or Human Hybernation. London: John Churchill.
- ^ Babcock, S. Donald (December 1968). "Self hypnosis". PsycCRITIQUES 13 (12): 638–639. doi:10.1037/008184.
- ^ Salter, Andrew (1941). "Three techniques of autohypnosis". Journal of General Psychology 24 (2): 423–438. doi:10.1080/00221309.1941.10544386.
- ^ Freeman, Karen (9 October 1996). "Andrew Salter, Behavior Therapist, 82, Dies". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Sachs, Bernice C. (February 1986). "Stress and self-hypnosis". Psychiatric Annals 16 (2): 110–114.
- ^ Ketterhagen, D.; VandeVusse, L.; Berner, M. A. (2002). "Self-hypnosis: Alternative anesthesia for childbirth". The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 27 (6): 335–340. doi:10.1097/00005721-200211000-00007.
- ^ Kihlstrom, John F. (2008). "The domain of hypnosis, revisited". In Nash, Michael R.; Barnier, Amanda J. The Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis: Theory, Research and Practice. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780198570097.
