WordNet

sprinkle as if with salt; "the rebels had salted the fields with mines and traps"
a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)
preserve with salt; "people used to salt meats on ships"
the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth (同)saltiness, salinity
white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food (同)table_salt, common salt
(of speech) painful or bitter; "salt scorn"- Shakespeare; "a salt apology"
add salt to
add zest or liveliness to; "She salts her lectures with jokes"
the act of tolerating something
the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions
willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others
(used especially of meats) preserved in salt (同)salt-cured, brine-cured
the act of adding salt to food

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『塩』食塩 / 〈U〉(化学で)塩 / 《複数形で》薬用塩類(Epsom salt[s],smelling salts) / 〈U〉生気(刺激,興趣)を与えるもの / 〈C〉《話》(特に老練な)水夫 / 塩の,塩を含んでいる;塩気のある,塩辛い / 塩漬けにした / (土地が)塩につかった / 塩信でできた,塩水の中で育つ / 〈食べ物〉‘を'塩で味をつける;〈肉・魚など〉‘を'塩漬けにして保存する《+『名』+『down』,+『down』+『名』》 / 《受動態で》(…で)〈言葉・話なで〉‘を'ぴりっとさせる,‘に'味をつける《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(自分と異なる他人の意見・行動などを許す)寛大,寛容・我慢（がまん）,忍耐力 / (薬品・毒物などに対する)耐性,抗毒性 / 公差,許容誤差
塩で味をつけて,塩味の;塩漬けの
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks戦略兵器制限交渉

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/31 00:33:47」(JST)

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Halotolerance is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity.^[1] Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as hypersaline lakes, coastal dunes, saline deserts, salt marshes, and inland salt seas and springs. Halophiles are organisms that live in highly saline environments, and require the salinity to survive, while halotolerant organisms (belonging to different domains of life) can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth. Halophytes are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest.^[2]

Applications

Fields of scientific research relevant to halotolerance include biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and genetics.

An understanding of halotolerance can be applicable to areas such as arid-zone agriculture, xeriscaping, aquaculture (of fish or algae), bioproduction of desirable compounds (such as phycobiliproteins or carotenoids) using seawater to support growth, or remediation of salt-affected soils. In addition, many environmental stressors involve or induce osmotic changes, so knowledge gained about halotolerance can also be relevant to understanding tolerance to extremes in moisture or temperature.

Goals of studying halotolerance include increasing the agricultural productivity of lands affected by soil salination or where only saline water is available. Conventional agricultural species could be made more halotolerant by gene transfer from naturally halotolerant species (by conventional breeding or genetic engineering) or by applying treatments developed from an understanding of the mechanisms of halotolerance. In addition, naturally halotolerant plants or microorganisms could be developed into useful agricultural crops or fermentation organisms.

Cellular functions

Tolerance of high salt conditions can be obtained through several routes. High levels of salt entering the plant can trigger ionic imbalances which cause complications in respiration and photosynthesis, leading to reduced rates of growth, injury and death in severe cases. To be considered tolerant of saline conditions, the protoplast must show methods of balancing the toxic and osmotic effects of the increased salt concentrations. Halophytic vascular plants can survive on soils with salt concentrations around 6%, or up to 20% in extreme cases. Tolerance of such conditions is reached through the use of stress proteins and compatible cytoplasm osmotic solutes.

To exist in such conditions, halophytes tend to be subject to the uptake of high levels of salt into their cells, and this is often required to maintain an osmotic potential lower than that of the soil to ensure water uptake. High salt concentrations within the cell can be damaging to sensitive organelles such as the chloroplast, so sequestration of salt is seen. Under this action, salt is stored within the vacuole to protect such delicate areas. If high salt concentrations are seen within the vacuole, a high concentration gradient will be established between the vacuole and the cytoplasm, leading to high levels of energy investment to maintain this state. Therefore, the accumulation of compatible cytoplasmic osmotic solutes can be seen to prevent this situation from occurring. Amino Acids such as proline accumulate in halophytic Brassica species, quaternary ammonium bases such as Glycine Betaine and sugars have been shown to act in this role within halophytic members of Chenopodiaceae and members of Asteraceae show the buildup of cyclites and soluble sugars. The buildup of these compounds allow for the balancing of the osmotic effect while preventing the establishment of toxic concentrations of salt or requiring the maintenance of high concentration gradients

Bacterial halotolerance

The extent of halotolerance varies widely amongst different species of bacteria.^[3] A number of cyanobacteria are halotolerant; an example location of occurrence for such cyanobacteria is in the Makgadikgadi Pans, a large hypersaline lake in Botswana.^[4]

Fungal halotolerance

Fungi from habitats with high concentration of salt are mostly halotolerant (i.e. they do not require salt for growth) and not halophilic. Halophilic fungi are a rare exception.^[5] Halotolerant fungi constitute a relatively large and constant part of hypersaline environment communities, such as those in the solar salterns.^[6] Well studied examples include the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii and black yeasts Aureobasidium pullulans and Hortaea werneckii.^[7] The latter can grow in media without salt, as well as in almost saturated NaCl solutions. To emphasize this unusually wide adaptability, some authors describe H. werneckii as "extremely halotolerant".^[8]

References

Dieter Häussinger and Helmut Sies (2007) Osmosensing and Osmosignaling, Academic Press, 579 pages ISBN 0-12-373921-7
C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
Walter Larcher (2001) Physiological Plant Ecology ISBN 3-540-43516-6

Line notes

^ Walter Larcher, 2001
^ Margesin, R.; Schinner, F. (2001). "Potential of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms for biotechnology". Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 5 (2): 73–83. doi:10.1007/s007920100184. PMID 11354458. edit
^ Dieter Häussinger and Helmut Sies, 2007
^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008
^ GostinäAr, C.; Grube, M.; De Hoog, S.; Zalar, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2010). "Extremotolerance in fungi: Evolution on the edge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 71 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x. PMID 19878320.
^ Zajc, J.; Zalar, P.; Plemenitaš, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2012). "The Mycobiota of the Salterns". Biology of Marine Fungi. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 53. pp. 133–158. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5_7. ISBN 978-3-642-23341-8. PMID 22222830. edit
^ Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Ramos, J.; Plemenitaš, A. (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". Mycological Research 113 (11): 1231–1241. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002. PMID 19747974. edit
^ Gostinčar, C.; Lenassi, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). "Fungal Adaptation to Extremely High Salt Concentrations". Advances in applied microbiology. Advances in Applied Microbiology 77: 71–96. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0. ISBN 9780123870445. PMID 22050822. edit

UpToDate Contents

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1. 中枢性塩類喪失 cerebral salt wasting
2. 低ナトリウム血症の治療：抗利尿ホルモン不適合分泌（SIADH）症候群およびreset osmostat症候群 treatment of hyponatremia syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion siadh and reset osmostat
3. 嚢胞性線維症に関連する糖尿病 cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus
4. 吸収不良の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of malabsorption
5. 塩分摂取量および塩分摂取量制限と原発性（本態性）高血圧 salt intake salt restriction and primary essential hypertension

English Journal

NaCl stress-induced transcriptomics analysis of Salix linearistipularis (syn. Salix mongolica).

Nan G1, Zhang Y2, Li S2, Lee I3, Takano T4, Liu S5.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2016 Feb 29;23:1. doi: 10.1186/s40709-016-0038-7. eCollection 2016.
BACKGROUND: Salix linearistipularis (syn. S. mongolica) is a woody halophyte, which is distributed naturally in saline-alkali soil of Songnen plain, Heilongjiang, China. It plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance and in improving saline soil. Furthermore, S. linearistipularis is al
PMID 26933650

Snai2 and Snai3 transcriptionally regulate cellular fitness and functionality of T cell lineages through distinct gene programs.

Pioli PD1, Whiteside SK2, Weis JJ2, Weis JH2.
Immunobiology.Immunobiology.2016 May;221(5):618-33. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.007. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
T lymphocytes are essential contributors to the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple lineages that serve various effector and regulatory roles. As such, precise control of gene expression is essential to the proper development and function of these cells. Previously, we identified Snai2 an
PMID 26831822

Cell wall reconstruction and DNA damage repair play a key role in the improved salt tolerance effects of He-Ne laser irradiation in tall fescue seedlings.

Gao L1,2, Li Y2,3, Han R1,2.
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.2016 Apr;80(4):682-93. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1101335. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
The improved salt tolerance effects of He-Ne laser were further studied through the estimation of ROS levels, cell viability, DNA damage phenomena, physicochemical properties, and monosaccharide compositions of cell wall polysaccharides in tall fescue seedlings. Salt stress produced deleterious effe
PMID 26498625