salpingitis

卵管炎

　

WordNet

1. inflammation of a Fallopian tube (usually the result of infection spreading from the vagina or uterus) or of a Eustachian tube

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/13 04:26:11」(JST)

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Salpingitis
Micrograph of acute and chronic salpingitis. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	urology
ICD-10	N70
ICD-9-CM	614.2
DiseasesDB	9748
eMedicine	med/2059

Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation in the fallopian tubes. It is often used synonymously with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), although PID lacks an accurate definition and can refer to several diseases of the female upper genital tract, such as endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis, parametritis and infection in the pelvic peritoneum. In contrast, salpingitis only refers to infection and inflammation in the fallopian tubes.

Acute and chronic salpingitis

There are two types of salpingitis: acute salpingitis and chronic salpingitis.

Symptoms

The symptoms usually appear after a menstrual period. The most common are:

• Abnormal smell and colour of vaginal discharge.
• Pain during ovulation
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Pain coming and going in periods
• Abdominal pain
• Lower back pain
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Bloating

Causes and pathophysiology

The infection usually has its origin in the vagina, and ascends to the fallopian tube from there. Because the infection can spread via the lymph vessels, infection in one fallopian tube usually leads to infection of the other.

Risk factors

It's been theorized that retrograde menstrual flow and the cervix opening during menstruation allows the infection to reach the fallopian tubes.

Other risk factors include surgical procedures which break the cervical barrier, such as:

• endometrial biopsy
• curettage
• hysteroscopy

Another risk is factors that alter the microenvironment in the vagina and cervix, allowing infecting organisms to proliferate and eventually ascend to the fallopian tube:

• antibiotic treatment
• ovulation
• menstruation
• sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Finally, sexual intercourse may facilitate the spread of disease from vagina to fallopian tube. Coital risk factors are:

• Uterine contractions
• Sperm, carrying organisms upwards.

Bacterial species

The bacteria most associated with salpingitis are:

• N. gonorrhoeae
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Mycoplasma
• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus

However, salpingitis usually is polymicrobal, involving many kinds of organisms. Other examples of organisms involved are:

• Ureaplasma urealyticum
• anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

Epidemiology

Over one million cases of acute salpingitis are reported every year in the U.S., but the number of incidents is probably larger, due to incomplete and untimely reporting methods and that many cases are reported first when the illness has gone so far that it has developed chronic complications. For women aged 16–25, salpingitis is the most common serious infection. It affects approximately 11% of the female of reproductive age. Salpingitis has a higher incidence among members of lower socioeconomic classes. However, this is thought of being an effect of earlier sex debut, multiple partners and decreased ability to receive proper health care rather than any independent risk factor for salpingitis. As an effect of an increased risk due to multiple partners, the prevalence of salpingitis is highest for people aged 15–24 years. Decreased awareness of symptoms and less will to use contraceptives are also common in this group, raising the occurrence of salpingitis.

Complications

For the affected, 20% need hospitalization. Regarding patients aged 15–44 years, 0.29 per 100,000 dies from salpingitis.

However, salpingitis can also lead to infertility, because the eggs released in ovulation can't get contact with the sperm. Approximately 75,000-225,000 cases of infertility in the U.S. are caused by salpingitis. The more times one has the infection, the greater the risk of infertility. With one episode of salpingitis, the risk of infertility is 8-17%. With 3 episodes of salpingitis, the risk is 40-60%, although the exact risk depends on the severity of each episode.

In addition, damaged oviducts increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Thus, if one has had salpingitis, the risk of a pregnancy to become ectopic is 7 to 10-fold as large. Half of ectopic pregnancies are due to a salpingitis infection.

Other complications are:

• Infection of ovaries and uterus
• Infection of sex partners
• An abscess on the ovary

Diagnosis

Salpingitis may be diagnosed by pelvic examination, blood tests, and/or a vaginal or cervical swab.

Treatment

Salpingitis is most commonly treated with antibiotics.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 骨盤内炎症性疾患の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease
• 2. 骨盤内炎症性疾患の治療 treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease
• 3. 骨盤内炎症性疾患の病因および危険因子 pathogenesis of and risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease
• 4. 骨盤内炎症性疾患の長期合併症 long term complications of pelvic inflammatory disease
• 5. 子宮外妊娠の発生率、危険因子、および病理 incidence risk factors and pathology of ectopic pregnancy

English Journal

• Incidental Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma and Non-Neoplastic Conditions of the Fallopian Tubes in Grossly Normal Adnexa: A Clinicopathologic Study of 388 Completely Embedded Cases.

• Seidman JD1, Krishnan J, Yemelyanova A, Vang R.
• International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.Int J Gynecol Pathol.2016 Sep;35(5):423-9. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0000000000000267.
• Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), the putative precursor of the majority of extrauterine high-grade serous carcinomas, has been reported in both high-risk women (those with a germline BRCA mutation, a personal history of breast carcinoma, and/or family history of breast or ovarian carci
• PMID 26630221

• Diversity of Escherichia coli strains involved in vertebral osteomyelitis and arthritis in broilers in Brazil.

• Braga JF1,2, Chanteloup NK2, Trotereau A2, Baucheron S2, Guabiraba R2, Ecco R1, Schouler C3.
• BMC veterinary research.BMC Vet Res.2016 Jul 14;12(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0762-0.
• BACKGROUND: Locomotor disorders and infections by Escherichia coli represent major concerns to the poultry industry worldwide. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is associated with extraintestinal infections leading to respiratory or systemic disease known as colibacillosis. The most common lesions see
• PMID 27417195

• Chlamydia trachomatis as the Cause of Infectious Infertility: Acute, Repetitive or Persistent Long-Term Infection?

• Schuchardt L1, Rupp J2.
• Current topics in microbiology and immunology.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.2016 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
• Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently detected agent of sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Infection of the lower female genital tract (FGT) can cause cervicitis and if ascending to the upper FGT may result in serious sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), salpingitis and
• PMID 27370345

Japanese Journal

• 病鶏からの Gallibacterium anatis の分離状況および健康鶏の保菌状況

• 市川 雅子,石本 明宏,荒木 由希子
• 鶏病研究会報 47(1), 28-34, 2011-05-25
• 2003年6月から2006年6月にかけて、滋賀県内養鶏場由来の鶏の病性鑑定において11事例35羽からGallibacterium anatis（G. anatis）が分離された。これら病鶏には、頭部腫脹症候群、大腸菌症、伝染性気管支炎、鶏パスツレラ症、肺炎および卵管炎などの所見がみられた。細菌学的検査では、頭部腫脹症候群および卵管炎の症例から純粋にG. anatisが分離された。また、部位別では、 …
• NAID 10028219622

• 卵管の病理

• 柳井 広之,吉野 正
• 診断病理 : Japanese journal of diagnostic pathology 27(2), 93-99, 2010-04-30
• NAID 10026431059

• 採卵用成鶏における大腸菌症

• 村瀬 敏之
• 鶏病研究会報 45(3), 147-155, 2009-11-25
• 家禽における大腸菌症は、大腸菌が一義的にあるいは部分的に原因となる局所あるいは全身性の感染による疾患である。哺乳類における大腸菌症では主に消化管症状が認められるのに対し、家禽では生体防御機能が悪化した結果あるいは病原性を示す大腸菌により圧倒された結果生じる局所や全身の感染と考えられる。鶏における大腸菌症の記録は一世紀前にさかのぼる。1907年に発生した鶏の死亡例について、「飢餓、渇き、寒冷、換気の …
• NAID 10026220094

Related Links

• Salpingitis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation in the fallopian tubes. It is often used synonymously with Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), although PID lacks an accurate definition and can refer to several diseases of the female upper genital ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「耳管炎」「卵管炎」

「耳管炎」

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()

英

salpingitis

英

eustachitis

英

syringitis

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耳管カタル tubal catarrh

「卵管炎」

　　[★]

英

salpingitis

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付属器炎