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A "ribosomal frameshift" allows alternative translation of an mRNA sequence by changing the open reading frame. This technique is commonly found in viruses, as it allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. Frameshifting allows viruses to create many protein structures from a relatively small genome. While the ribosome is translating mRNA it may shift forward or backward, depending on the virus. Because three consecutive mRNA nucleotides make a codon that's translated into one amino acid, the frameshift makes every subsequent amino acid different because it translates a different set of codons in the new reading frame, resulting in a different protein product.

There are two kinds of frameshifting: pseudoknot structure and slippery sequence (usually UUUAAAC).^[1] A pseudoknot is an RNA secondary structure generated by intermolecular interactions of mRNA that cause it to bend and fold. The ribosome bumps into the knotted mRNA while it is translating the mRNA and shifts back (-1) one nucleotide and continues translating in a new reading frame. This frameshift occurs about 10% of the time, allowing differential protein expression. This form of frameshifting is used by HIV-1, among others.^[2] A slippery sequence is a sequence of codons for rare tRNA, meaning that the ribosome has to pause in order to wait for the correct tRNA to bring the appropriate amino acid. However, this long pause is often accompanied by the ribosome advancing forward one nucleotide (+1). This form of frameshifting is utilized by influenza A, among others.^[3]

Other viruses that use ribosomal frameshifting for alternative protein expression include the barley yellow dwarf virus,^[4] potato leafroll virus,^[5] simian retrovirus-1, and coronaviruses.^[6]

References

^ Meulenberg JJ, Hulst MM, de Meijer EJ, et al. (January 1993). "Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV". Virology 192 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1008. PMID 8517032.
^ "Ribosomal Frameshifting". Viralzone.expasy.org. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ "Ribosomal Frameshifting". Viralzone.expasy.org. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ Vincent JR, Lister RM, Larkins BA (October 1991). "Nucleotide sequence analysis and genomic organization of the NY-RPV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus". J. Gen. Virol. 72 (10): 2347–55. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-10-2347. PMID 1840612.
^ Kujawa AB, Drugeon G, Hulanicka D, Haenni AL (May 1993). "Structural requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the synthesis of the putative viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of potato leafroll virus". Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (9): 2165–71. doi:10.1093/nar/21.9.2165. PMC 309480. PMID 8502558.
^ Sung D, Kang H (March 1998). "Mutational analysis of the RNA pseudoknot involved in efficient ribosomal frameshifting in simian retrovirus-1". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (6): 1369–72. doi:10.1093/nar/26.6.1369. PMC 147434. PMID 9490779.

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English Journal

Regulation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting by co-translational refolding RNA hairpins.

Cho CP, Lin SC, Chou MY, Hsu HT, Chang KY.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Apr 29;8(4):e62283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062283. Print 2013.
RNA structures are unwound for decoding. In the process, they can pause the elongating ribosome for regulation. An example is the stimulation of -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting, leading to 3' direction slippage of the reading-frame during elongation, by specific pseudoknot stimulators downstre
PMID 23638024

Exploiting preQ1 Riboswitches To Regulate Ribosomal Frameshifting.

Yu CH, Luo J, Iwata-Reuyl D, Olsthoorn RC.SourceDepartment of Molecular Genetics and ‡Biophysical Structural Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, Leiden, The Netherlands.
ACS chemical biology.ACS Chem Biol.2013 Apr 19;8(4):733-40. doi: 10.1021/cb300629b. Epub 2013 Jan 25.
Knowing the molecular details of the interaction between riboswitch aptamers and their corresponding metabolites is important to understand gene expression. Here we report on a novel in vitro assay to study preQ1 riboswitch aptamers upon binding of 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine (preQ1). The assay is
PMID 23327288

The phenotype of many independently isolated +1 frameshift suppressor mutants supports a pivotal role of the p-site in reading frame maintenance.

Jäger G, Nilsson K, Björk GR.SourceDepartment of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Apr 4;8(4):e60246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060246. Print 2013.
The main features of translation are similar in all organisms on this planet and one important feature of it is the way the ribosome maintain the reading frame. We have earlier characterized several bacterial mutants defective in tRNA maturation and found that some of them correct a +1 frameshift mu
PMID 23593181

Japanese Journal

Decreased peptidyltransferase activity correlates with increased programmed-1 ribosomal frameshifting and viral maintenance defects in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

RNA 8, 982-992, 2003
NAID 30022824787

(269)リンゴステムグルービングウイルスのORF1はフレームシフトによって発現している?(平成14年度日本植物病理学会大会講演要旨)

日本植物病理學會報 68(2), 228, 2002-08-25
NAID 110002752859

A Novel A-Kinase Anchoring Protein in the Heart Interacts with G .ALPHA. 13.

Japanese Heart Journal 40(2), 199-208, 1999
NAID 130000070281

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リンク元	「ribosomal frameshift」「リボソームフレームシフト」「translational frameshifting」
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