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Fattahi T1, Brewer K2, Retana A2, Ogledzki M2.
Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2014 Dec;72(12):2500-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.06.457. Epub 2014 Jul 7.
Retrobulbar hemorrhage is a rare but potentially devastating complication of midface trauma. Management of this entity requires prompt diagnosis and medical and surgical interventions. The incidence of retrobulbar hemorrhage has been cited to be lower than 1%; however, despite a low rate of occurren
PMID 25249171

Zimmerer R, Rana M, Schumann P, Gellrich NC.
Facial plastic surgery : FPS.Facial Plast Surg.2014 Oct;30(5):518-27. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393702. Epub 2014 Nov 14.
Decreasing visual acuity secondary to orbital trauma or orbital and anterior skull base surgery may be caused by either sudden space-occupying intraorbital lesions, including retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH), or direct damage to the prechiasmatic pathway. Contrary to traumatic optic neuropathy, RBH must
PMID 25397707

Cirrhosis-related coagulopathy resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation and spontaneous orbital hemorrhages.

Nemiroff J1, Baharestani S, Juthani VV, Klein KS, Zoumalan C.
Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Orbit.2014 Oct;33(5):372-4. doi: 10.3109/01676830.2013.871298. Epub 2014 May 19.
A 33-year-old patient presented to our Emergency Department (ED) with left-sided eyelid ecchymoses and edema. A CT scan of the orbits demonstrated a left retrobulbar hemorrhage, prompting an ophthalmology consultation. Upon examination, the patient reported worsening eye pain and decreasing vision i
PMID 24841369

A Case of the Internal Carotid Artery–Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Mimicking Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome

Shiode Taketo,Oya Soichi,Matsui Toru
NMC Case Report Journal 2(1), 1-3, 2015
… A 53-year-old woman experienced a right retrobulbar pain followed by ipsilateral extraocular palsies in all directions without dilated pupils or ptosis. … Because a plain head computed tomography (CT) scan obtained on her initial visit showed no abnormal findings, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage or a giant cavernous aneurysm, her condition was provisionally diagnosed as Tolosa–Hunt syndrome and elective magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was scheduled. …
NAID 130005056824

A Case of the Internal Carotid Artery–Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Mimicking Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome

Shiode Taketo,Oya Soichi,Matsui Toru
NMC Case Report Journal, 2014
… A 53-year-old woman experienced a right retrobulbar pain followed by ipsilateral extraocular palsies in all directions without dilated pupils or ptosis. … Because a plain head computed tomography (CT) scan obtained on her initial visit showed no abnormal findings, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage or a giant cavernous aneurysm, her condition was provisionally diagnosed as Tolosa–Hunt syndrome and elective magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was scheduled. …
NAID 130004698824