同: RB

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(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells; usually occurs before the third year of life; composed of primitive small round retinal cells
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/23 07:15:03」(JST)

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"RB1" redirects here. For the automobile, see Red Bull RB1.

The retinoblastoma protein (abbreviated pRb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers.^[1] One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. It is also a recruiter of several chromatin remodeling enzymes such as methylases and acetylases.

pRb belongs to the pocket protein family, whose members have a pocket for the functional binding of other proteins.^[2]^[3] Should an oncogenic protein, such as those produced by cells infected by high-risk types of human papillomaviruses, bind and inactivate pRb, this can lead to cancer.

Name and genetics

In humans, the protein is encoded by the RB1 gene located on 13q14.1-q14.2. If both alleles of this gene are mutated early in life, the protein is inactivated and results in development of retinoblastoma cancer, hence the name Rb. It is not known why an eye cancer results from a mutation in a gene that is important all over the body.

Two forms of retinoblastoma were noticed: a bilateral, familial form and a unilateral, sporadic form. Sufferers of the former were 6 times more likely to develop other types of cancer later in life.^[4] This highlighted the fact that mutated Rb could be inherited and lent support to the two-hit hypothesis. This states that only one working allele of a tumour suppressor gene is necessary for its function (the mutated gene is recessive), and so both need to be mutated before the cancer phenotype will appear. In the familial form, a mutated allele is inherited along with a normal allele. In this case, should a cell sustain only one mutation in the other RB gene, all pRb in that cell would be ineffective at inhibiting cell cycle progression, allowing cells to divide uncontrollably and eventually become cancerous. Furthermore, as one allele is already mutated in all other somatic cells, the future incidence of cancers in these individuals is observed with linear kinetics.^[5] The working allele need not undergo a mutation per se, as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is frequently observed in such tumours.

However, in the sporadic form, both alleles would need to sustain a mutation before the cell can become cancerous. This explains why sufferers of sporadic retinoblastoma are not at increased risk of cancers later in life, as both alleles are functional in all their other cells. Future cancer incidence in sporadic Rb cases is observed with polynomial kinetics, not exactly quadratic as expected because the first mutation must arise through normal mechanisms, and then can be duplicated by LOH to result in a tumour progenitor.

RB1 orthologs^[6] have also been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data are available.

pRB/E2F-family proteins repression transcription.^[7]

Cell cycle suppression

pRb prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression along the cell cycle through G1 (first gap phase) into S (synthesis phase).^[8] pRb binds and inhibits transcription factors of the E2F family, which are composed of dimers of an E2F protein and a DP protein.^[9] The transcription activating complexes of E2 promoter-binding–protein-dimerization partners (E2F-DP) can push a cell into S phase.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] As long as E2F-DP is inactivated, the cell remains stalled in the G1 phase. When pRb is bound to E2F, the complex acts as a growth suppressor and prevents progression through the cell cycle.^[3] The pRb-E2F/DP complex also attracts a histone deacetylase (HDAC) protein to the chromatin, reducing transcription of S phase promoting factors, further suppressing DNA synthesis.

Detection

Several methods for detecting the RB1 gene mutations have been developed^[15] including a method that can detect large deletions that correlate with advanced stage retinoblastoma.^[16]

Activation and inactivation

In the hypophosphorylated state, pRb is active and carries out its role as tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell cycle progression. Phosphorylation inactivates pRb. During the M-to-G1 transition, pRb is progressively dephosphorylated by PP1, returning to its growth-suppressive hypophosphorylated state .^[3]^[17]

When it is time for a cell to enter S phase, complexes of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and cyclins phosphorylate pRb, inhibiting its activity.^[2]^[3]^[8]^[18] The initial phosphorylation is performed by Cyclin D/CDK4/CDK6 and followed by additional phosphorylation by Cyclin E/CDK2. pRb remains phosphorylated throughout S, G2 and M phases.^[3]

Phosphorylation of pRb allows E2F-DP to dissociate from pRb and become active.^[3]^[8]^[11] When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. Cyclin E and A), which push the cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases, and a molecule called proliferating cell nuclear antigen, or PCNA, which speeds DNA replication and repair by helping to attach polymerase to DNA.^[8]^[10]^[13]

Rb family proteins are components of the DREAM complex (also named LINC complex), which is composed of LIN9, LIN54, LIN37, MYBL2, RBL1, RBL2, RBBP4, TFDP1, TFDP2, E2F4 and E2F5. There is a testis-specific version of the complex, where LIN54, MYBL2 and RBBP4 are replaced by MTL5, MYBL1 and RBBP7, respectively. In Drosophila both DREAM versions also exist, the components being mip130 (lin9 homolog, replaced by aly in testes), mip120 (lin54 homolog, replaced by tomb in testes), and Myb, Caf1p55, DP, Mip40, E2F2, Rbf and Rbf2. The DREAM complex exists in quiescent cells in association with MuvB (consisting of HDAC1 or HDAC2, LIN52 and L3mbtl1, L3mbtl3 or L3mbtl4) where it represses cell cycle-dependent genes. DREAM dissociates in S phase from MuvB and gets recruited by MYB.

Interactions

Retinoblastoma protein has been shown to interact with:

Abl gene^[19]^[20]
Androgen receptor^[21]^[22]
Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor^[23]^[24]
ARID4A^[25]
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor^[26]
BRCA1^[27]^[28]^[29]
BRF1^[30]^[31]
C-jun^[32]
C-Raf^[33]^[34]
CDK9^[35]
CUTL1^[36]
Cyclin A1^[37]
Cyclin D1^[38]^[39]
Cyclin T2^[35]
DNMT1^[40]
E2F1^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]
E2F2,^[48]
E4F1^[44]
EID1^[49]^[50]
ENC1^[51]
FRK^[52]
HBP1^[53]
HDAC1^[25]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]
HDAC3^[25]^[60]
Histone deacetylase 2^[25]
JARID1A^[61]^[62]
LIN9^[63]
MCM7^[64]
MORF4L1^[42]^[65]
MRFAP1,^[42]^[65]
MyoD^[66]^[67]
NCOA6^[68]
PA2G4^[69]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma^[60]
PIK3R3^[70]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2^[71]
Polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1^[72]
PRDM2^[73]
PRKRA^[74]
Prohibitin^[34]^[75]
Promyelocytic leukemia protein^[76]
RBBP4^[41]^[77]
RBBP7^[29]^[77]
RBBP8^[54]^[78]
RBBP9^[79]
SNAPC1^[80]
SKP2^[81]^[82]
SNAPC3^[80]
SNW1^[83]
SUV39H1^[84]^[85]
TAF1^[38]^[86]^[87]^[88]
THOC1^[89]
TRAP1^[90]
TRIP11^[91]
UBTF^[92]
USP4.^[93]

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

References

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External links

RB1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Retinoblastoma+genes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma Genetics
Drosophila Retinoblastoma-family protein - The Interactive Fly
Drosophila Retinoblastoma-family protein 2 - The Interactive Fly
Evolutionary Homologs Retinoblastoma-family proteins - The Interactive Fly
There is a diagram of the pRb-E2F interactions here.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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English Journal

The tumour suppressor CHD5 forms a NuRD-type chromatin remodelling complex.

Kolla V1, Naraparaju K1, Zhuang T1, Higashi M1, Kolla S1, Blobel GA2, Brodeur GM1.
The Biochemical journal.Biochem J.2015 Jun 1;468(2):345-52. doi: 10.1042/BJ20150030.
Eukaryotic gene expression is developmentally regulated, in part by chromatin remodelling, and its dysregulation has been linked to cancer. CHD5 (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 5) is a tumour suppressor gene (TSG) that maps to a region of consistent deletion on 1p36.31 in neuroblastomas
PMID 25825869

Hypoxia-induced miR-181b enhances angiogenesis of retinoblastoma cells by targeting PDCD10 and GATA6.

Xu X1, Ge S1, Jia R1, Zhou Y1, Song X1, Zhang H1, Fan X1.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2015 Jun;33(6):2789-96. doi: 10.3892/or.2015.3900. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
Previous findings showed that miR-181b is upregulated under hypoxic conditions in retinoblastoma cells. Since hypoxia is a common feature of retinoblastoma that affects tumor progression as well as tumor therapy, in the present study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of miR-181b under hypoxi
PMID 25872572

Activated k-ras, but not h-ras or N-ras, regulates brain neural stem cell proliferation in a raf/rb-dependent manner.

Bender RH1, Haigis KM2, Gutmann DH1.
Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio).Stem Cells.2015 Jun;33(6):1998-2010. doi: 10.1002/stem.1990.
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to all the major cell types in the brain, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways that govern brain NSC proliferation and differentiation have been incompletely characterized to date. Since some neurodevelo
PMID 25788415

Japanese Journal

ATMを介してRBタンパク質はDNMT1タンパク質の安定性とDNAメチル化を制御する

Shamma Awad,Suzuki Misa,Hayashi Naoyuki,Kobayashi Masahiko,Sasaki Nobunari,Nishiuchi Takumi,Doki Yuichiro,Okamoto Takahiro,Kohno Susumu,Muranaka Hayato,Kitajima Shunsuke,Yamamoto Ken-ichi,Takahashi Chiaki
Molecular biology of the cell 33(16), 3113-3124, 2013-08
… The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB) product has been implicated in epigenetic control of gene expression owing to its ability to physically bind to many chromatin modifiers. …
NAID 120005312327

Lysyl Oxidase Is Induced by Cell Density-Mediated Cell Cycle Suppression via RB-E2F1-HIF-1α Axis

Goto Takaaki M.,Arima Yoshimi,Nagano Osamu,Saya Hideyuki
Cell Structure and Function 38(1), 9-14, 2013
… This phenomenon was observed in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB)-proficient breast cancer cells but not in RB-deficient cells. …
NAID 130004137589

口腔扁平上皮癌におけるCyclin D1の細胞内局在と増殖能との関連

渡辺昌広,大西祐一,藤井智子,南野友希,宇垣吉秀,井上洋士,伊達岡聖,杉立光史,中嶋正博,覚道健治
歯科医学 75(2), 70-75, 2012-09-25
… D1はRetinoblastoma(RB)のリン酸化反応を制御することでG1期に働く細胞周期の調節因子であり,多くの癌細胞の進展において不可欠であると考えられている.本研究においてわれわれは,ヒト口腔扁平上皮癌細胞株であるHSC4におけるCyclin D1の発現と細胞内局在について,特異的抗体を用いた免疫組織染色によって調べた.その結果,増殖期の細胞の核内においてCyclin D1の局在がみられた.さらに高密度培養により細胞増殖能を低 …
NAID 110009685569

Related Pictures

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES: Retinoblastoma Gene, Knudson's Two Hit Hypothesis. - YouTube Lecture Notes BIOL3530: Molecular and Developmental Biology, Growth and Post-Embryonic Development 最新のPrimer：網膜芽細胞腫 | Nature Reviews Disease Primers | Nature Research Retinoblastoma - Genetics Home Reference - NIH Retinoblastoma | Hereditary Ocular Diseases

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「網膜芽細胞腫遺伝子」「Rb gene」

「網膜芽細胞腫遺伝子」

Retinoblastoma 1
	; PDB rendering based on 1ad6.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1AD6, 1GH6, 1GUX, 1H25, 1N4M, 1O9K, 2AZE, 2QDJ, 2R7G, 3N5U, 3POM, 4ELJ, 4ELL
Identifiers
Symbols	RB1; OSRC; RB; p105-Rb; pRb; pp110
External IDs	OMIM: 614041 MGI: 97874 HomoloGene: 272 ChEMBL: 5288 GeneCards: RB1 Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• core promoter binding; • RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding; • DNA binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • transcription coactivator activity; • protein binding; • transcription factor binding; • kinase binding; • ubiquitin protein ligase binding; • androgen receptor binding; • phosphoprotein binding;
Cellular component	• chromatin; • nucleus; • nucleoplasm; • spindle; • SWI/SNF complex; • PML body; • Rb-E2F complex;
Biological process	• cell cycle checkpoint; • G1 phase of mitotic cell cycle; • G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; • regulation of transcription involved in G1/S phase of mitotic cell cycle; • S phase of mitotic cell cycle; • mitotic cell cycle; • M phase; • chromatin remodeling; • transcription, DNA-dependent; • negative regulation of protein kinase activity; • cell cycle arrest; • Ras protein signal transduction; • regulation of mitotic cell cycle; • virus-host interaction; • negative regulation of cell growth; • androgen receptor signaling pathway; • sister chromatid biorientation; • neuron projection development; • mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition checkpoint; • maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion; • neuron maturation; • enucleate erythrocyte differentiation; • negative regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • regulation of lipid kinase activity; • myoblast differentiation; • positive regulation of macrophage differentiation; • negative regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle; • positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition; • negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • digestive tract development; • cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation; • negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • striated muscle cell differentiation; • cell division; • G1 phase; • neuron apoptotic process; • protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region; • regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin; • negative regulation of transcription involved in G1/S phase of mitotic cell cycle; • regulation of centromere complex assembly;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: retinoblastoma gene
関: Rb遺伝子

「Rb gene」

　　[★]

Rb遺伝子

関: retinoblastoma gene

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[OrthoMaM-5] "OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: RB1 coding sequence". http://www.orthomam.univ-montp2.fr/orthomam/data/cds/detailMarkers/ENSG00000139687_RB1.xml.

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retinoblastoma gene