WordNet

pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
relating to or caused by a virus; "viral infection"
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
ウィルスの;ウィルスが原因の
肺炎
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

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1. 小児における肺炎：入院治療 pneumonia in children inpatient treatment
2. 小児における市中肺炎：臨床的特徴および診断 community acquired pneumonia in children clinical features and diagnosis
3. RSウイルス感染：臨床的特徴および診断 respiratory syncytial virus infection clinical features and diagnosis
4. 成人における市中肺炎の疫学、病因、および微生物学 epidemiology pathogenesis and microbiology of community acquired pneumonia in adults
5. アデノウイルス感染の診断、治療、および予防 diagnosis treatment and prevention of adenovirus infection

English Journal

Development of a mouse model mimicking key aspects of a viral asthma exacerbation.

Clarke DL, Davis NH, Majithiya JB, Piper SC, Lewis A, Sleeman MA, Corkill DJ, May RD.Author information *Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.AbstractViral respiratory tract infections are known triggers of asthma exacerbations in both adults and children. The current standard of care, inhaled CS (corticosteroids) and LABAs (long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists), fails to prevent the loss of control that manifests as an exacerbation. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying viral asthma exacerbations we established an in vivo model using the clinically relevant aeroallergen HDM (house dust mite) and the viral mimetic/TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) agonist poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) alone induced a similar neutrophilic inflammatory profile in the BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) to that of HRV1b (human rhinovirus 1b) alone, accompanied by both elevated BAL KC (keratinocyte-derived chemokine) and IL-1β (interleukin-1β). When mice allergic to HDM were also challenged with poly(I:C) the neutrophilic inflammatory profile was exacerbated. Increased CD8(+) T-cell numbers, increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell activation and elevated KC and IL-1β were observed. No increases in Th2 cytokines or the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL11 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11], above those induced by HDM alone, were observed. The poly(I:C)-exacerbated neutrophilia did not translate into changes in AHR (airways hyper-responsiveness), indicating that in this model inflammation and AHR are two mechanistically independent events. To test the clinical relevance of this model CS sensitivity was assessed using prednisone, a synthetic oral CS used to manage exacerbations in asthmatic patients already on maximal doses of inhaled CS. The increased neutrophils, and accompanying cytokines/chemokines KC and IL-1β induced by poly(I:C) challenge of HDM-sensitized and challenged mice were insensitive to oral prednisone therapy. In summary we have described a CS-resistant mouse model mimicking the key aspects of viral asthma exacerbation using the clinically relevant aeroallergen HDM and the viral mimic poly(I:C). This model may provide better understanding of disease mechanisms underlying viral exacerbations and could be used to build early confidence in novel therapeutic axes targeting viral asthma exacerbations in Th2 asthmatics.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Apr;126(8):567-80. doi: 10.1042/CS20130149.
Viral respiratory tract infections are known triggers of asthma exacerbations in both adults and children. The current standard of care, inhaled CS (corticosteroids) and LABAs (long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists), fails to prevent the loss of control that manifests as an exacerbation. In order to
PMID 24152048

What role do viruses play in nosocomial pneumonia?

Luyt CE1, Bréchot N, Chastre J.Author information 1Service de Réanimation Médicale, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Université Paris 6-Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.AbstractPURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Viruses are an increasingly recognized cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but their exact role in nosocomial pneumonia is still debated. This review focuses on the role of viruses as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia.
Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2014 Apr;27(2):194-9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000049.
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Viruses are an increasingly recognized cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but their exact role in nosocomial pneumonia is still debated. This review focuses on the role of viruses as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia.RECENT FINDINGS: Respiratory viruses may be responsi
PMID 24492750

Human rhinoviruses and severe respiratory infections: is it possible to identify at-risk patients early?

Principi N1, Daleno C, Esposito S.Author information 1Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric High Intensity Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.AbstractMolecular methods of viral screening have demonstrated that human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary disease and the development of asthma. Patients with severe chronic diseases are at greater risk of developing major clinical problems when infected by HRVs, particularly if they are immunocompromised or have a chronic lung disease. Analysing the characteristics of HRVs does not provide any certainty concerning the risk of a poor prognosis and, although viremia seems to be associated with an increased risk of severe HRV infection, the available data are too scanty to be considered conclusive. However, a chest x-ray showing alveolar involvement suggests the potentially negative evolution of a bacterial superinfection. There is therefore an urgent need for more effective diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures in order to prevent HRV infection, and identify and treat the patients at highest risk.
Expert review of anti-infective therapy.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.2014 Apr;12(4):423-30. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.890048. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Molecular methods of viral screening have demonstrated that human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary disease and the development of asthma. Patients with severe chronic diseases
PMID 24559383

Japanese Journal

What We Have Learned from the Influenza A pH1N1 2009/10 Pandemic: High Clinical Impact of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients