rabies vaccine

同

RabAvert, Imovax Rabies

WordNet

1. immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies (同)vaccinum
2. an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); rabies is fatal if the virus reaches the brain (同)hydrophobia, lyssa, madness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 牛痘種,痘苗(牛痘を起こすビールスで,天然痘予防のために人体に接種される) / (伝染病の病原菌から作った)ワクチン
2. 狂犬病,恐水病

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/12 20:35:39」(JST)

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Rabies vaccine

Vaccine description
Target disease	Rabies
Type	Killed/Inactivated
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a607023
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Identifiers
ATC code	J07BG01
N (what is this?)  (verify)

Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to control rabies. Rabies can be prevented by vaccination, both in humans and other animals.

In animals

Currently, pre-exposure immunization has been used on domesticated and normal non-human populations. In many jurisdictions, domestic dogs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits are required to be vaccinated.

Imrab is an example of a veterinary rabies vaccine containing the Pasteur strain of killed rabies virus. Several different types of Imrab exist, including Imrab, Imrab 3, and Imrab Large Animal. Imrab 3 has been approved for ferrets and, in some areas, pet skunks.

History

Virtually every infection with rabies resulted in death until two French scientists, Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux, developed the first rabies vaccination in 1885. This vaccine was first used on a human on July 6, 1885, on nine-year-old Joseph Meister (1876–1940), who had been mauled by a rabid dog.

Their vaccine consisted of a sample of the virus harvested from infected (and necessarily dead) rabbits, which was weakened by allowing it to dry for 5 to 10 days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used now in some countries, and while they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines, they are not as effective.^{[citation needed]} Neural tissue vaccines also carry a certain risk of neurological complications.

Modern vaccines

The human diploid cell rabies vaccine (H.D.C.V.) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are inactivated vaccines made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines have been given to more than 1.5 million people as of 2006.

Aside from vaccinating humans, another approach was also developed by vaccinating dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. In 1979 the Van Houweling Research Laboratory of the Silliman University Medical Center in the Philippines, then headed by Dr. George Beran, developed and produced a dog vaccine that gave a three-year immunity from rabies. The development of the vaccine resulted in the elimination of rabies in many parts of the Visayas and Mindanao Islands. The successful program in the Philippines was later used as a model by other countries, such as Ecuador and the Yucatan State of Mexico, in their fight against rabies conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization.

In addition to these developments, newer and less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine, and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host.

Recombinant rabies vaccine (V-RG)

Aerially distributed wildlife rabies vaccine in a bait from Estonia.

In 1984 researchers at the Wistar Institute developed a recombinant vaccine called V-RG by inserting the glycoprotein gene from rabies into a vaccinia virus. The V-RG vaccine has since been commercialised by Merial under the trademark Raboral. It is harmless to humans and has been shown to be safe for various species of animals that might accidentally encounter it in the wild, including birds (gulls, hawks, and owls).

V-RG has been successfully used in the field in Belgium, France, Germany and the United States to prevent outbreaks of rabies in wildlife. The vaccine is stable under relatively high temperatures and can be delivered orally, making mass vaccination of wildlife possible by putting it in baits. The plan for immunization of normal populations involves dropping bait containing food wrapped around a small dose of the live virus. The bait would be dropped by helicopter concentrating on areas that have not been infected yet. Such a strategy of oral immunization of foxes in Europe has already achieved substantial reductions in the incidence of human rabies. In November 2008, Germany had been free of new cases for two years and is therefore currently believed to be rabies-free, together with few other countries. A strategy of vaccinating “neighborhood dogs” in Jaipur, India, combined with a sterilization program, has also resulted in a large reduction in the number of human cases.

Duration of immunity

The duration of immunity afforded to humans by a two injection vaccination course was found to be between two to three years. Following administration of a booster dose (recommended at one year), one study found 97% of immuno-competent individuals demonstrate protective levels of neutralizing antibodies at 10 years.

See also

• Oral vaccination against rabies

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 狂犬病免疫グロブリンとワクチン rabies immune globulin and vaccine
• 2. 狂犬病の治療 treatment of rabies
• 3. 狂犬病予防の実施時期 when to use rabies prophylaxis
• 4. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
• 5. 末期腎不全患者におけるワクチン immunizations in patients with end stage renal disease

English Journal

• Novel monoclonal antibodies that bind to wild and fixed rabies virus strains.

• Zanluca C, Aires LR, Mueller PP, Santos VV, Carrieri ML, Pinto AR, Zanetti CR.SourceLaboratorio de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
• Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2011 Jul;175(1):66-73. Epub 2011 Apr 28.
• Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rabies virus, including IgG3κ, IgG2aκ, IgMκ, and an IgG2bκ isotype, were produced and characterized using neutralization, ELISA, immunodot-blot, and immunofluorescence assays. MAb 8D11, which recognized rabies virus glycoprotein, was found to neutralize r
• PMID 21536074

• Vaccinia virus as a vaccine delivery system for marsupial wildlife.

• Cross ML, Fleming SB, Cowan PE, Scobie S, Whelan E, Prada D, Mercer AA, Duckworth JA.SourceLandcare Research - Manaaki Whenua, Pest Control Technology Group, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
• Vaccine.Vaccine.2011 Jun 20;29(28):4537-43. Epub 2011 May 12.
• Vaccines based on recombinant poxviruses have proved successful in controlling diseases such as rabies and plague in wild eutherian mammals. They have also been trialled experimentally as delivery agents for fertility-control vaccines in rodents and foxes. In some countries, marsupial mammals repres
• PMID 21570435

Japanese Journal

• 狂犬病曝露前免疫の曝露後発症予防に対する効果

• 菅沼 明彦,高山 直秀,柳澤 如樹,西村 昌晃
• 感染症学雑誌 : 日本伝染病学会機関誌 : the journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 84(4), 474-475, 2010-07-20
• NAID 10026893950

• WHO接種スケジュールに従った国産狂犬病ワクチン皮内接種方式の検討

• 柳澤 如樹,高山 直秀,中山 栄一,菅沼 明彦
• 感染症学雑誌 : 日本伝染病学会機関誌 : the journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 84(3), 313-314, 2010-05-20
• NAID 10026893798

Related Links

• Rabies Vaccine Questions and Answers

What kind of vaccine is the rabies vaccine? Although the two brands of vaccine available in the U.S. are prepared in ... The vaccine is given in the deltoid muscle as a series of 3?5 shots. Who should get this vaccine? Rabies vaccine is ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「狂犬病ワクチン」
拡張検索	「pseudorabies vaccine」

「狂犬病ワクチン」

　　[★]

英

rabies vaccine

関

狂犬病、狂犬病ウイルス

• 不活化ワクチン

• 日本：ニワトリ胚培養
• 海外：動物脳(例えばイヌ)で培養

副作用が強い。脱髄、神経麻痺→狂犬病ワクチン後脳炎

• 曝露前免疫：狂犬病常在地域への渡航者に予防接種
• 曝露後免疫：狂犬病動物に咬まれた後の発症予防

• *曝露後免疫は狂犬病血清との併用がより効果的であるが，国内での血清の製造と輸入はない。

「pseudorabies vaccine」

　　[★]

仮性狂犬病ワクチン